Grit as a Predictor of Student Engagement in Learning Activities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24193/subbpsyped.FOHE.5Keywords:
Grit, academic engagement, academic success, studentsAbstract
Grit, defined by perseverance and passion in achieving long-term goals, can be considered a predictor of students' academic engagement and success. The present study investigates the relationship between students’ level of Grit and the engagement they demonstrate in their educational path. Student engagement can be characterized by active participation in learning activities, increased motivation for achieving performance, and self-study related discipline. The study has made use of the questionnaire-based survey as a quantitative data collection method and the focus group method as a qualitative method. The level of engagement was assessed through the Academic Engagement Scale (Academic Engagement Scale), developed by D. Rovan and collaborators (2016), having 15 items, structured across three dimensions: behavioral, emotional and cognitive. To measure the level of Grit, the Grit Scale has been used which has been developed by A. Duckworth and consists of 10 items. The sample of participants consisted of 76 students, enrolled in the specialization Primary and Preschool Educational Pedagogy. The results showed that a high level of Grit can enhance student involvement in learning activities, thus leading to better results and implicitly to increased performance. In order to be able to improve both the level of Grit and academic engagement, it is important to provide students with attractive, personalized learning experiences according to their individual needs.
References
Aloka, P., Opondo, C. M., & Ooko, M. (2023). Expectations, culture, and adaptation to higher education institutions by first-year students. In Handbook of research on coping mechanisms for first-year students transitioning to higher education (pp. 1-20). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6961-3.ch001
Al-Rashidi, A. H. (2025). Academic engagement and its relation to academic competence among secondary school students, from the perspectives of school counselors. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(1), 1024-1035.https://ideas.repec.org/a/aac/ijirss/v8y2025i1p1024-1035id4504.html
Alrashidi, O., Phan, H. P., & Ngu, B. H. (2016). Academic engagement: an overview of its definitions, dimensions, and major conceptualisations. International Education Studies, 9(12), 41-52.http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n12p41
Arabacıoglu, T. (2024). Scratch, computational thinking, and Grit: At the beginning, during, and after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Instructional Technology and Lifelong Learning, 5(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.52911/itall.1391292.
Asanre, A. A., Ifamuyiwa, A. S., & Abiodun, T. O. (2024). Dimensions of Students’ Academic Engagement as Predictors of Senior Secondary School Mathematics Achievement. Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters, 12, 27-33. https://dx.doi.org/10.37134/jsml.vol12.1.4.2024
Astin, A. W. (2014). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. In College student development and academic life (pp. 251-262). Routledge. http://chawkinson.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/122997693/Student_Involvement_A_Development_Theory_for_Highe.pdf
Babiera, R. E., & Quirap, E. A. (2024). Learners’ Grit, Self-Regulation, and Classroom Engagement. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 07(04). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v7-i04-45
Bashant, J. (2014). Developing Grit in our students: Why Grit is such a desirable trait, and practical strategies for teachers and schools. Journal for Leadership and Instruction, 13(2), 14-17. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1081394
Bhaw, N., Kriek, J., & le Roux, P. (2024). Emotional and User-experience Factors Influencing Student Performance: A Case Study of First-year Online Computer Programming Assignments. UnisaRxiv. https://doi.org/10.25159/unisarxiv/000096.v1
Biglete, J. (2025). Evaluating teachers’ Grit in learning recovery and performance in the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST) in San Pablo City public secondary schools: Inputs for an instructional supervisory plan. Pantao, International Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.69651/pijhss0403463
Brooks, N. G., & Seipel, S. J. (2018). Grit and the information systems student: a discipline-specific examination of perseverance and passion for long term goals. Information Systems Education Journal, 16(1), 21-32. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1173722.pdf
Coates, H. (2007). A model of online and general campus‐based student engagement. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 32(2), 121-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930600801878
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2002). Research methods in education. Routledge.
Cook, C. R., Thayer, A. J., Fiat, A., & Sullivan, M. (2020). Interventions to enhance affective engagement. In Student engagement: Effective academic, behavioral, cognitive, and affective interventions at school (pp. 203-237). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37285-9_12.
Chelcea, S. (2022). Metodologia cercetării sociologice. Metode cantitative și calitative. București: Editura Prouniversitaria.
Curelaru, M. (2022). Eșantionarea. În L.R Diaconu-Gherasim, C. Măieran & M. Curelaru (coord.), Metode cantitative de cercetare. Designuri și aplicații în științele sociale (pp. 295-318). Iași: Editura Polirom.
Datu, J. A. D., Yuen, M., & Chen, G. (2018). The triarchic model of Grit is linked to academic success and well-being among Filipino high school students. School Psychology Quarterly, 33(3), 428. https://doi.org/10.1037/SPQ0000234
Datu, J. A. D. (2021). Beyond passion and perseverance: Review and future research initiatives on the science of Grit. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 545526. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.545526
Doolittle, P., & Byrnes, M. (2023). Cognition and Learning. Educational Principles and Practice in Veterinary Medicine, 79-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119852865.ch3
Duckworth, A. (2018). Grit. Puterea pasiunii și a perseverenței. București: Editura Publica.
Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1087.
Efklides, A., & Metallidou, P. (2020). Applying metacognition and self-regulated learning in the classroom. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. https://doi.org/10.1093/ACREFORE/9780190264093.013.961
Eryilmaz, A. (2015). Positive psychology in the class: the effectiveness of a teaching method based on subjective well-being and engagement increasing activities. International Journal of Instruction, 8(2), 17-32.
Eskreis-Winkler, L., Shulman, E. P., Beal, S. A., & Duckworth, A. L. (2014). The Grit effect: Predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00036
Fabelico, F., & Afalla, B. (2020). Perseverance and passion in the teaching profession: Teachers' Grit, self-efficacy, burnout, and performance. Journal of Critical Reviews. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3655146
Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage publications limited. https://vlb-content.vorarlberg.at/fhbscan1/330900091084.pdf
Finn, J. D., & Zimmer, K. S. (2012). Student engagement: What is it? Why does it matter?. In Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 97-131). Boston, MA: Springer US.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_5
Gijbels, I., & Omelka, M. (2013). Testing for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions using dissimilarity measures. Biometrics, 69(1), 137-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2012.01797.x
Gjedia, R. (2015). Teaching and Learning Motivation, European Journal of Social Sciences. 3. 10.26417/ejser.v3i2.p113-122
Green, J., Liem, G. A. D., Martin, A. J., Colmar, S., Marsh, H. W., & McInerney, D. (2012). Academic motivation, self-concept, engagement, and performance in high school: Key processes from a longitudinal perspective. Journal of adolescence, 35(5), 1111-1122.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.016
Guo, Y., Luo, S., & Tan, Y. (2023). Purpose in life and academic performance: Grit mediation among Chinese college students. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 33(1), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2023.2175970
Guzman, J. L., & Doronio, R. (2025). Classroom Environment and Learning Styles As Predictors of Student Engagement. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Viewpoints, 1(4), 467-493. https://doi.org/10.64612/ijiv.v1i4.29
Hernández, E H., Moreno‐Murcia, J A., Cid, L., Monteiro, D., & Rodrigues, F. (2020,). Passion or Perseverance? The Effect of Perceived Autonomy Support and Grit on Academic Performance in College Students. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 17(6), 2143-2143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062143
Hodge, B., Wright, B., & Bennett, P. (2018). The role of Grit in determining engagement and academic outcomes for university students. Research in Higher Education, 59(4), 448-460. https://doi.org/10.1037/EDU0000153
Holman, A. C. (2022). Considerații cu privire la analiza statistică a datelor. In Diaconu-Gherasim, L.R., Măirean, C., & Curelaru, M. (coord), Metode cantitative de cercetare: designuri și aplicații în științele sociale (pp. 388-406). Iași: Editura Polirom.
Hou, X. L., Becker, N., Hu, T. Q., Koch, M., Xi, J. Z., & Mõttus, R. (2022). Do Grittier people have greater subjective well-being? A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48(12), 1701-1716. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211053453
Ismayilova, T. (2025). Improving cognitive activity in higher schools: active learning and strategies for the development of critical, logical and creative thinking. Scientific Works., 92(4), 216–218. https://doi.org/10.69682/arti.2025.92(4).216-218
Jachimowicz, J. M., Wihler, A., Bailey, E. R., & Galinsky, A. D. (2018). Why Grit requires perseverance and passion to positively predict performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(40), 9980-9985. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803561115
Jerrim, J. (2022). The power of positive emotions? The link between young people’s positive and negative affect and performance in high-stakes examinations. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 29(3), 310-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2022.2054941
King, K. (2020). Interventions to enhance behavioral engagement. In Student engagement: Effective academic, behavioral, cognitive, and affective interventions at school (pp. 133-156). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37285-9_8
Krippendorff, K. (2019). Content Analysis: An Introduction totions. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878781.
Lagos, H. O., & Magallanes, C. I. (2020). Stress and Coping Strategies of High School Teachers of Antique Diocesan Catholic Schools. Philippine Social Science Journal, 3(2), 83-84. https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v3i2.175
Liu, J. (2021). The Role of Grit in Students’ L2 Engagement in the English as a Foreign Language Classroom. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 749844. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2021.749844
López-Aguilar, D., Álvarez-Pérez, P. R., & Garcés-Delgado, Y. (2021). El engagement académico y su incidencia en el rendimiento del alumnado de grado de la Universidad de La Laguna. RELIEVE. Revista Electrónica de Investigación y Evaluación Educativa, 27(1).
Mason, H. D. (2018). Grit and academic performance among first-year university students: A brief report. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 28(1), 66-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2017.1409478
Matos, B. C., Ribeiro, F. M. S., Carlos, V., & Fardilha, M. (2023). Incorporation of different and purposeful students’ engagement strategies to achieve deep learning experiences. INTED Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2023.1255
Matos, B., Gonçalves, L., Rodrigues, M., Ribeiro, F., Carlos, V., & Fardilha, M. (2023). Incorporation of different and purposeful students’ engagement strategies to achieve deep learning experiences. INTED Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2023.1255
Muñiz, F. B. (2024). Explorando la Resiliencia: Un Estudio Cualitativo Sobre Grit en Profesores del Sector Rural (Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (Chile)). https://doi.org/10.7764/tesisuc/ing/89132
Napitupulu, E. H., & Susanti, A. E. (2023). Mengupayakan keaktifan belajar siswa dengan penerapan metode tanya jawab. [Promoting students’ learning engagement with the application of the question and answer method]. 3(2), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.19166/kairos.v3i2.7151
Ningsih, S. (2025). Konstruk Keterlibatan Siswa Pada Proses Pembelajaran Di Kelas. [The Construction of Student Engagement in the Learning Process in the Classroom]. Educatio, 20(1), 11-17.https://doi.org/10.29408/edc.v20i1.26765
Opariuc-Dan, C. (2009). Statistică aplicată în științele socio-umane. Noțiuni de bază: statistici univariate. Cluj-Napoca: Editura ASCR.
Pallant, J. (2020). Ebook: SPSS Surival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis using IBM SPSS. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Park, D., Yu, A., Baelen, R N., Tsukayama, E., & Duckworth, A L. (2018). Fostering Grit: Perceived school goal-structure predicts growth in Grit and grades. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 55, 120-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.09.007
Pohl, A. J. (2020). Strategies and interventions for promoting cognitive engagement. In Student engagement: Effective academic, behavioral, cognitive, and affective interventions at school (pp. 253-280). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37285-9_14
Popandopulo, A. S., & Kudysheva, A. A. (2019). Diagnostics of Metacognitive Involvement in the Activities of Students in the Learning Process at a University. ARPHA Proceedings, 1145-1156. https://doi.org/10.3897/AP.1.E1088
Popușoi, S. (2022). Metode statistice asociative. În Diaconu-Gherasim, L.R., Măirean, C., & Curelaru, M. (coord), Metode cantitative de cercetare: designuri și aplicații în științele sociale (pp. 407-423). Iași: Editura Polirom.
Putri, S. S. S., & Ingarianti, T. M. (2024). Relationship between Grit and subjective career success in teacher. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 12(2), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.22219/jipt.v12i2.31513
Qurratuaini, Y. A., Zamralita, Z., & Saraswati, K. D. (2022). The role of social support and Grit towards academic engagement among college students. In 3rd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2021) (pp. 1567-1572). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220404.252
Rovan, D., Ljubin Golub, T. & Petričević, E. (2016). Construction and validation of Academic Engagement Scale. Unpublished manuscript. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Teacher Education, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
Sá, M. J. (2023). Student Academic and Social Engagement in the Life of the Academy—A Lever for Retention and Persistence in Higher Education. Education Sciences, 13(3), 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13030269
Sajib, M. S. H. (2024, June). Determining Factors and Correlation of Factors Influential for Student Engagement. In 2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/icccnt61001.2024.10724770
Sava, F. A. (2011). Analiza datelor în cercetarea psihologică. Cluj-Napoca: Editura ASCRED.
Skinner, E. A., & Pitzer, J. R. (2012). Developmental dynamics of student engagement, coping, and everyday resilience. In Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 21-44). Boston, MA: Springer US.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_2
Sobreira, J. G., Oliveira, E. de L., Lima, L. B. de O., & Frazão, M. A. (2025). A relação entre a ansiedade e desempenho acadêmico em universitários. Contribuciones a Las Ciencias Sociales, 18(5), e18262. https://doi.org/10.55905/revconv.18n.5-401
Tholibon, D. A., Nujid, M. M., Mokhtar, H., Rahim, J. A., Rashid, S. S., Saadon, A., Tholibon, D, & Salam, R. (2022). The factors of students’ involvement on student-centered learning method. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 11(4), 1637-1646.https://doi.org/10.3897/AP.1.E1088
Tiwari, S., & Verma, K. (2023). A Critical Study of Angela Duckworth’s Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance. Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 14(3), 152-154. https://doi.org/10.52711/2321-5828.2023.00031
Trowler, V., & Trowler, P. (2011). Conceptual overview of Student Engagement. Leadership Foundation for Higher Education. https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/61686/
Waheed, Z., Tham, J., & Ooi, B. K. (2025). The Impact of Self-Regulated Learning Strategies on Academic Performance: A Systematic Review. Social Science and Human Research Bulletin., 02(08). https://doi.org/10.55677/sshrb/2025-3050-0803
Wang, X., Jantharajit, N., & Srikhao, S. (2025). Unlocking Learning Potential: The Impact of Integrated Cognitive Strategies on Vocational Students’ Academic Performance. Journal of Education and Learning, 15(1), 208. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v15n1p208
Wati, M. (2017). Being a Role Model to Motivate Students. In 1st Yogyakarta International Conference on Educational Management/Administration and Pedagogy (YICEMAP 2017) (pp. 124-127). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/yicemap-17.2017.20
Wilson, D., Wright, J., & Summers, L. (2021). Mapping patterns of student engagement using cluster analysis. Journal for STEM Education Research, 4(2), 217-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41979-021-00049-z
Wu, Y., & Fernando, Y. (2023). Development of Student’s Innovation Skills through Extracurricular Activities. Journal of E-business and Management Science, 1(2), 170-180. https://doi.org/10.61098/jems.v1i2.106
Yang, L., Yan, Z., Zhang, D., Boud, D., & Datu, J. A. (2023). Exploring the roles of academic self-concept and perseverance of effort in self-assessment practices. Assessment in education: principles, policy & practice, 30(2), 104-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2023.2191161
Zhao, Y., Zheng, Z., Pan, C., & Zhou, L. (2021). Self-esteem and academic engagement among adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 690828.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.690828.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Psychologia-Paedagogia

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.