RECENT RESEARCH RELATED TO Li-ION BATTERY RECYCLING PROCESSES – A REVIEW

Authors

  • Ioana Alina POPESCU Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 11 Arany Janos Street, Cluj Napoca, RO-400028, Romania
  • Sorin-Aurel DORNEANU Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 11 Arany Janos Street, Cluj Napoca, RO-400028, Romania; Babeş-Bolyai University, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio Nano Sciences, 42 Treboniu Laurian Street, Cluj Napoca, RO-400271, Romania. *Corresponding author: sorin.dorneanu@ubbcluj.ro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2690-6383
  • Roxana Maria TRUȚĂ Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 11 Arany Janos Street, Cluj Napoca, RO-400028, Romania.
  • Petru ILEA Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 11 Arany Janos Street, Cluj Napoca, RO-400028, Romania; Babeş-Bolyai University, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio Nano Sciences, 42 Treboniu Laurian Street, Cluj Napoca, RO-400271, Romania. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4334-2735

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24193/subbchem.2022.1.17

Keywords:

Li-ion batteries recycling, pre-treatment, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, environmental protection.

Abstract

Recycling Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is a globally discussed issue in relation with waste management and environmental protection. This review reports the recent research and industrial progresses in LIBs recycling. After a brief introduction concerning the importance of LIBs recycling, and their structure and applications, the main aspects dedicated to LIBs recycling (pre-treatment, pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes) are presented. Greater attention has been paid to the hydrometallurgical processes due to their complexity but also because they can lead to the production of valuable products without a high ecological impact (compared to pyrometallurgical ones). Given that today, worldwide, only about 5% of spent LIBs are recycled, the data presented in our review can inspire the design and implementation of competitive technologies that fit into a sustainable circular economy that preserves the primary resources and ensures the environmental protection.

References

Y. Yang; E. G. Okonkwo; G. Huang; S. Xu; W. Sun; Y. He; Energy Storage Mater., 2021, 36, 186-212.

A. Islam; S. Roy; M. A. Khan et al.; J. Mol. Liq., 2021, 338, 116703.

Y. Zhao; O. Pohl; A. I. Bhatt; G. E. Collis; P. J. Mahon; T. Rüther; A. F. Hollenkamp; Sustain. Chem., 2021, 2, 167-205.

H. Pinegar; Y. R. Smith; J. Sustain. Metall., 2019, 5, 402-416.

C. Zu; Y. Ren, F. Guo, H. Yu, H. Li; Adv. Energy Sustainability Res., 2021, 2(10), 2100062.

C. M. Costa; J. C. Barbosa; R. Gonçalves; H. Castro; F. J. Del Campo;

S. Lanceros-Méndez; Energy Storage Mater., 2021, 37, 433-465.

Y. Zhao; L. -Z. Fang; Y. -Q. Kang; L. Wang; Y. -N. Zhou; X. -Y. Liu, T. Li, Y. -X. Li, Z. Liang, Z. -X. Zhang; B. -H. Li; Rare Met., 2021, 40(6), 1431-1436.

Y. Wu; Lithium-Ion Batteries: Fundamentals and Applications, Taylor & Francis Group, 1st ed., Boca Raton, FL, 2015, pp. 3-24.

Z. A. Kader; A. Marshall; J. Kennedy; Emerg. Mater., 2021, 4, 725-735.

S. Windisch-Kern; E. Gerold; T. Nigl; A. Jandric; M. Altendorfer; B. Rutrecht;

S. Scherhaufer; H. Raupenstrauch; R. Pomberger; H. Antrekowitsch; F. Part; Waste Manage., 2022, 138, 125-139.

M. Walter; M. V. Kovalenko; K. V. Kravchyk; New J. Chem., 2020, 44, 1677-1683.

H. E. Melin; State-of-the-art in reuse and recycling of lithium-ion batteries -

A research review, The Swedish Energy Agency, London, UK, 2019.

K. Kishore; A. AlFantazi; A. T. Mayyas; Energy Fuels, 2021, 35, 18257−18284.

J. Chung-Yen; P. -C. Sui; J. Zhang; J. Energy Storage, 2021, 35, 102217.

C. Stollery; A. Holland; Li-ion Battery Recycling Market 2022-2042, IDTech Ex Research, 2021 (Research-report).

https://www.ft.com/content/1e6303f6-2386-11e8-add1-0e8958b189ea Accessed 18.12.2021.

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-umicore-recycling-idUKKBN1KN1ZO Accessed 02.02.2022.

https://www.lme.com/ Accessed 18.12.2021.

https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/prospects-end-life-electric-vehicle-batteries-circular-economy/ Accessed 05.02.2022.

P. Alves Dias; D. Blagoeva; C. Pavel; N. Arvanitidis; JRC, 2018, 112285, doi:10.2760/97710.

M. Kamran; M. Raugei; A. Hutchinson; Resour. Conserv. Recy., 2021, 167, 105412.

S. Bobba; M. F. Gian; A. Blenginiab; Resour. Conserv. Recy., 2019, 145, 279-291.

E. G Pinna; N. Toro; S. Gallegos; M. H. Rodriguez; Materials, 2022, 15, 44.

G. Zhang; X. Yuan; Y. He; H. Wang; T. Zhang; W. Xie; J. Hazard. Mater., 2021, 406, 124332.

D. Yu; Z. Huang; B. Makuza; X. Guo; Q. Tian; Miner. Eng., 2021, 173, 107218.

C. Yang; J. Zhang; Q. Jing; Y. Liu; Y. Chen; C. Wang; Int. J. Miner. Metall., 2021, 28(9), 1478.

S. Kim; J. Bang; J. Yoo; Y. Shin; J. Bae; J. Jeong; K. Kim; P. Dong; K. Kwon; J. Clean. Prod., 2021, 294, 126329.

J. Liu; H. Shi; X. Hua; Y. Geng; L. Yang; P. Shao; X. Luo; Sci. Total Environ., 2021, In Press, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151621.

R. Sommerville; J. Shaw-Stewart; V. Goodship; N. Rowson; E. Kendrick; Sustain. Mater. Technol., 2020, 25, e00197.

R. Zheng, W. Wang, Y. Dai, et al.; Green Energy Environ., 2017, 2, 42-50.

J. Liu; X. Bai; J. Hao; H. Wang; T. Zhang; X. Tang; S. Wang; Y. He; J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2021, 9, 106017.

H. Al-Shammari; S. Farhad; Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 2021, 174, 105749.

S. Pindar; N. Dhawan; J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2021, 146, 1819-1831.

J. Yu; Y. He; Z. Ge; H. Li; W. Xie; S. Wang; Sep. Purif. Technol.; 2018, 190, 45-52.

C. Tokoro; S. Lim; K. Teruya; M. Kondo; K. Mochidzuki; T. Namihira; Y. Kikuchi; Waste Manage., 2021, 125, 58-66.

Y. Kikuchi; I. Suwa; A. Heiho; Y. Dou; S. Lim; T. Namihira; K. Mochidzuki; T. Koita; C. Tokoro; Waste Manage., 2021, 132, 86-95.

X. Chen; C. Guo; H. Ma; J. Li; T. Zhou; L. Cao; D. Kang; Waste Manage., 2018, 75, 459-468.

Y. Chen; N. Liu; F. Hu; L. Ye; Y. Xia; S. Yanga; Waste Manage., 2018, 75, 469-476.

S. Zhao; W. He; G. Li; Springer, Cham, 2019, pp. 1-26.

O. C. Barrios; Y. C. Gonzalez; L. I. Barbosa; P. Orosco; Miner. Eng., 2022, 176, 107321.

H. Chen; S. Gu; Y. Guo; X. Dai; L. Zeng; K. Wang; C. He; G. Dodbiba; Y. Wei; T. Fujita; Hydrometallurgy, 2021, 205, 105746.

H. Ali; H. A. Khan; M. G. Pecht; J. Energy Storage, 2021, 40, 102690.

J. Zhu; G. Guo; J. Wu; X. Cheng; Y. Cheng; Ionics, 2022, 28, 241-250.

S. Windisch-Kern; A. Holzer; C. Ponak; T. Hochsteiner, H. Raupenstrauch; Carbon Resources Conversion, 2021, 4, 184-189.

Y. Li; Q. Fu; H. Qin; K. Yang; J. Lv; Q. Zhang; H. Zhang; F. Liu; X. Chen; M. Wang; Korean J. Chem. Eng., 2021, 38(10), 2113-2121.

Y. Zhao; Y. Kang; M. Fan; T. Li; J. Wozny; Y. Zhou; X. Wang; Y. -L. Chueh; Z. Liang; G. Zhou; J. Wang; N. Tavajohi; F. Kang; B. Li; Energy Storage Mater., 2022, 45, 1092-1099.

H. Gomaa; M. A. Shenashen; H. Yamaguchi; Green Chem., 2018, 20, 1841-1857.

B. Ebin; M. Petranikova; C. Ekberg; J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., 2018, 20, 2018-202758.

L. Zhu; M. Chen; Sustainability, 2020, 12, 9164.

A. Holzer; S. Windisch-Kern; C. Ponak; H. Raupenstrauch; Metals, 2021, 11 (1),149.

H. Yin; P. Xing; Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2019, pp. 57-83.

Y. Shi; G. Chen; Z. Chen; Green Chem., 2018, 20, 851-862.

Y. Jian; Z. Zongliang; Z. Gang; J. Liangxing; L. Fangyang; J. Ming; L. Yanqing; Hydrometallurgy, 2021, 203, 105638.

M. Zhou; B. Li; J. Li; Z. Xu; ACS EST Eng. 2021, 1, 1369−1382.

D. Mu; Y. Liu; R. Li; Q. Ma; C. Dai; New J. Chem., 2017, 41, 7177-7185.

Y. Liu; D. Mu; R. Li; Q. Ma; R. Zheng; C. Dai; J. Phys. Chem., 2017, C 121, 4181-4187.

B. Makuza; Q. Tian; X. Guo; K. Chattopadhyay; D. Yu; J. Power Sources, 2021, 491, 229622.

S. Yu; J. Xiong; D. Wu; X. Lü; Z. Yao; S. Xu; J. Tang; Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 2020, 27, 40205-40209.

X. Zhang; L. Cai; E. Fan; J. Lin; F. Wu; R. Chen; L. Li; J. Hazard. Mater., 2021, 1, 100003.

O. Kwon; I. Sohn; Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 2020, 158, 104809.

Y. Yueshan; W. Dahui; C. Huaijing; Z. Xiaodong; X. Li; Y. Lixin; Chem. Res. Chinese Universities, 2020, 36(5), 908-914.

J. Lin; C. Liu; H. Cao; L. Li; R. Chen; Z. Sun; Progress Chem., 2018, 30, 1445-1454.

J. Mao; J. Li; Z. Xu; J. Cleaner Prod., 2018, 205, 923-929.

B. Wrålsen; V. Prieto-Sandoval; A. Mejia-Villa; R. O’Born; M. Hellstrom; B. Faessler; J. Cleaner Prod., 2021, 317, 128393.

S. Chu; Y. Cui; N. Liu; Nat. Mater., 2016, 16, 16.

J. Li; G. Wang; Z. Xu; J. Hazard. Mater., 2016, 302, 97-104.

R. Guoxing; X. Songwen; X. Meiqiu; P. Bing; F. Youqi; F. Wang; X. Xing; Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts, Springer, Cham, 2016, pp. 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48769-4_22

D. Werner; U. A. Peuker; T. Mütze; Metals, 2020, 10, 316.

H. Pinegar; R. Y. Smith; J. Sustain. Met., 2020, 6,142-160.

Y. Yao; M. Zhu; Z. Zhao; B. Tong; Y. Fan; Z. Hua; ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2018, 6(11), 13611-13627.

Y. Liu; W. Lv; X. Zheng; D. Ruan; Y. Yang; H. Cao; Z. Sun; ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2021, 9, 3183-3194.

Z. Takacova; T. Havlik; F. Kukurugya; D. Orac; Hydrometallurgy, 2016, 163, 9-17.

P. Meshrama; A. Abhilasha; B. D. Pandey; T. R. Mankhand; H. Devecic; J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2016, 43, 117-126

E. G. Pinna; M. C. Ruiz Ojeda; M. W. Rodriguez; Hydrometallurgy, 2016, 167, 66-71.

Y. A. Nurqomariah; R. S. Fajaryanto; E3S Web of Conferences, 2018, 67, 03036.

H. Chu; J. Lie; J. ‑C. Liu; Sustain. Metall., 2021, 7, 630-641.

W. Urbanska; Minerals, 2020, 10, 555.

M. Aaltonen; P. Peng; B. P. Wilson; M. Lundström; Recycling, 2017, 2, 20.

E. Fan; J. Yang; Y. Huang; J. Lin; F. Arshad; F. Wu; L. Li; R. Chen; ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2020, 3, 8532-8542.

A. A. Nayl; R. A. Elkhashab; S. M. Badawy; M. A. El-Khateeb; Arab. J. Chem., 2015, 10(2), S3632-S3639.

X. Tanga; W. Tangb; J. Duana; W. Yanga; R. Wanga; M. Tanga; J. Lia; J. Alloys Compd., 2021, 874, 159853.

P. Meshram; B. D. Pandey; T. R. Mankhand; H. Deveci; JOM, 2016, 68, 2613-2623.

E. Mossalia; N. Picone; L. Gentilinic; O. Rodrìguez; J. Manuel; P. M. Colledani; J. Environ. Manage., 2020, 264, 110500.

G. P. Nayaka; J. Manjanna; K. V. Pai; R. Vadavi; S. J. Keny; V. S. Tripathi; Hydrometallurgy, 2015, 151, 73-77.

H. Pinegar; R. S. York; J. Sustain. Met., 2020, 6, 142-160.

M. Pagliaro; F. Meneguzzo; Heliyon, 2019, 5, e01866.

P. Meshram; B. D. Pandey; T. R. Mankhand; Chem. Eng. J., 2015, 281, 418-427.

P. Meshram; B. D. Pandey; T. R. Mankhand; Waste Manage., 2015, 45, 306-313.

L. Li; Y. Bian; Y. Guan; E. Fan; F. Wu; R. Chen; Waste Manage., 2018, 71, 362-371.

H. Ku; Y. Jung; M. Jo; S. Park; S. Kim; D. Yang; K. Rhee; E. M. An; J. Sohn;

K. Kwon; J. Hazard. Mater., 2016, 313, 138-146.

P. Meshrama; A. Abhilasha; B. D. Pandey; T. R. Mankhand; H. Devecic; J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2016, 43, 117-126.

L. A. Diaz; M. L. Strauss; B. Adhikari; Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 2020, 161, 104900.

D. Quintero-Almanza; Z. Gamiño-Arroyo; L. Sánchez-Cadena; Batteries, 2019, 5, 44.

Z. Xu; Y. Dai; D. Hua; H. Gu; N. Wang; ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2021, 9, 3979−3984.

C. Wanga; S. Wang; F. Yan; Z. Zhang; X. Shen; Z. Zhang; Waste Manage., 2020, 114, 253-262.

L. Sun; B. Liu; T. Wu; G. Wang; Q. Huang; Y. Su; F. Wu; Int. J. Miner. Metall., 2021, 28(6), 991.

M. Xu; S. Kang; F. Jiang; X. Yana; Z. Zhua; Q. Zhaoa; Y. Tenga; Y. Wang; RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 27689-27700.

M. -M. Wang; C. -C. Zhang; F. -S. Zhang; Waste Manag., 2016, 51, 239-244.

B. Fan; X. Chen; T. Zhou; J. Zhang; B. Xu; Waste Manag. Res., 2016, 34(5), 74-81.

T. Punt; G. Akdogan; S. Bradshaw; P. van Wyk; Miner. Eng., 2021, 173, 107204.

J. Li; Y. He; Y. Fu; W. Xie; Y. Feng; K. Alejandro; Waste Manage., 2021, 126, 517-526.

W. -S. Chen; H. -J. Ho; Key Eng. Mater., 2018, 775, 419-426.

H. Li; S. Xing; Y. Liu; F. Li; H. Guo; G. Kuang; ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2017, 5, 8017−8024.

M. Joulié; R. Laucournet; E. Billy; J. Power Sources, 2014, 247, 551-555.

J. Wang; Z. Guo; Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2019, pp 27-55.

S. Lei; W. Sun; Y. Yang; J. Hazard. Mater., Part D, 2022, 424, 127654.

J. Hu; J. Zhang; H. Li; Y. Chen; C. Wang; J. Power Sources, 2017, 351, 192-199.

W. -S. Chen; H. -J. Ho; Metals, 2018, 8(5), 321.

J. Kozak; A.Townshend; Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, Elsevier, 3rd ed., 2019, pp. 111-120.

Z. Liang; C. Cai; G. Peng; J. Hu; H. Hou; B. Liu; S. Liang, K. Xiao, S. Yuan;

J. Yang; ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2021, 9, 5750-5767.

W. Gao; J. Song; H. Cao; X. Lin; X. Zhang; X. Zheng; Y. Zhang; Z. Sun;

J. Clean. Prod., 2018, 178, 833-845.

A. Higuchi; N. Ankei; S. Nishihama; K. Yoshizuka; JOM, 2016, 68,10.

Y. Song; Z. Zhao; Sep. Purif. Technol., 2018, 206, 335-342.

J. Yu; X. Wang; M. Zhoua; Q. Wang; Energy Environ. Sci., 2019, 12, 2672-2677.

D. Kaiser; S. Pavón; M. Bertau; Chem. Ing. Tech., 2021, 93(11), 1840-1850.

S. Natarajan; A. B. Boricha; H. C. Bajaj; Waste Manage., 2018, 77, 455-465.

X. Chen; C. Luo; J. Zhang; J. Kong; T. Zhou; ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2015, 3(12), 3104-3113.

D. Kaiser; S. Pavón; M. Bertau; Chem. Ing. Tech., 2021, 93(11), 1833-1839.

H. Nadimi; N. J. Karazmoudeh; J. Sustain. Metall, 2021, 7, 653-663.

S. Li; X. Wu; Y. Jiang; T. Zhou; Y. Zhao; X. Chen; Waste Manage., 2021, 136, 18-27.

L. Yuan; J. Wen; P. Ning; H. Yang; Z. Sun; H. Cao; ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng, 2022, In press., DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06307.

W. Xuan; A. de Souza Braga; A. Chagnes; ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2021, In press. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c07109.

Q. Meng; Y. Zhang; P. Dong; Waste Manag., 2017, 64, 214-218.

X. Chen; D. Kang; L. Cao; J. Li; T. Zhou; H. Ma; Sep. Purif. Technol., 2019, 210, 690-697.

W. Gao; J. Song; H. Cao; X. Lin; X. Zhang; X. Zheng; Y. Zhang; Z. Sun; J. Clean. Prod., 2018, 178, 833-845.

T. Sieber; J. Ducke; A. Rietig; T. Langner; J. Acker; Nanomaterials, 2019, 9, 246.

K. H. Chan; J. Anawati; M. Malik; G. Azimi; ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2021, 9, 4398-4410.

A. Amato et al.; Recovery of critical metals from LCDs and Li-Ion batteries, ELECTRONICS GOES GREEN 2016+ (EGG), Berlin, Germany, 2016, pp. 1-5.

N. Vieceli; C. A. Nogueira; C. Guimarãesc; M. F. C. Pereira; F. O. Durão; F. Margarido; Waste Manage., 2018, 71, 350-361.

J. Zhang; J. Hu; Y. Liu; Q. Jing; C. Yang; Y. Chen; C. Wang; ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2019, 7(6), 5626-5631.

A. Mohanty; S. Sahu; L. B. Sukla; N. Devi; Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, 47, 1203-1212.

J. Zhu; G. Guo; J. Wu; X. Cheng; Y. Cheng; Ionics, 2022, 28, 241-250.

W. Lv; D. Ruan; X. Zheng; L. Li; H. Cao; Z. Wang; Y. Zhang; Z. Sun; Chem. Eng. J., 2021, 421, 129908.

J. Chen; H. Zhang; Z. Zeng; Y. Gao; C. Liu; Xiaoqi Sun; Hydrometallurgy, 2021, 206, 105768.

R. D. Perraud; The Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Strategic Pillar for the European Battery Alliance, Center for Energy, IFRI, Paris, France, 2020 (Annual report).

H. Bae; Y. Kim; Mater. Adv., 2021, 2, 3234-3250.

Jiang J; Zeng X; Li J; Appl. Mech. Mater. 2015, 768, 622-626.

R. Sommerville; P. Zhu; M. A. Rajaeifar; O. Heidrich; V. Goodship; E. Kendrick; Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 2021,165, 105219.

M. Kaya; REWAS 2019 Manufacturing the Circular Materials Economy, Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 1st ed., Cham, Switzerland, 2019, pp. 277-288.

R. Sojka; Q. Pan; L. Billmann; Comparative study of Li-ion battery recycling processes, ACCUREC Recycling GmbH, Krefeld, Germany, 2020 (Report).

L. Gaines; ACS Annual Meeting March 23, 2020.

A. Mielea; J. Axsen; M. Wolinetz; E. Mainec; Z. Longa; Transp. Res. D. Transp. Environ., 2020, 81, 102275.

A. Boyden; V. K. Soo; M. Doolan; Procedia CIRP, 2016, 48, 188-193.

C. Scheller; K. Schmidt; T. S. Spengler; J. Bus. Econ., 2021, 91, 253-282.

https://americanmanganeseinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/AMY_BP-8_28_2019.pdf, Accessed 05.02.2022

L. -P. Yue; P. Lou; G. -H. Xu; H. Xu; G. Jin; L. Li; H. Deng; Q. Cheng; S. Tang; Y. -C. Cao; Ionics, 2020, 26, 2757-2761.

B. Gangaja; S. Nair; D. Santhanagopalan; ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2021, 9, 4711−4721.

W. Zhang; C. Xu; W. He; G. Li; J. Huang; Waste Manag. Res., 2018, 36(2), 99-112.

W. Lv; Z. Wang; H. Cao; Y. Sun; Y. Zhang; Z. Sun; ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2018, 6, 1504-1521.

STUDIA UBB CHEMIA, Volume 67 (LXVII), No. 1, March 2022

Downloads

Published

2022-03-30

How to Cite

POPESCU, I. A., DORNEANU, S.-A., TRUȚĂ, R. M., & ILEA, P. (2022). RECENT RESEARCH RELATED TO Li-ION BATTERY RECYCLING PROCESSES – A REVIEW. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Chemia, 67(1), 257–280. https://doi.org/10.24193/subbchem.2022.1.17

Issue

Volume 67, No. 1, 2022

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2022 Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Chemia

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >> 

Similar Articles

<< < 22 23 24 25 26 27 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.