THE WAR IN UKRAINE AS A CHALLENGE FOR RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES: ORTHODOXY, CATHOLICISM AND PROSPECTS FOR PEACEMAKING

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24193/theol.cath.latina.2023.LXVIII.1.02

Keywords:

Russo-Ukrainian war, Orthodoxy, Catholicism, peacebuilding, reconciliation.

Abstract

This article shows how war is restructuring the configuration of religious life in Ukraine as a result of Russia’s full-scale invasion. Following a short introduction, which documents churches’ initial reactions to the war, I focus on three issues. First, I examine the ways in which the war exacerbates existing tensions within Ukrainian Orthodoxy, echoing the divide within world Orthodoxy. Second, I analyse the challenges faced by Ukrainian Catholics in relation to the Holy See’s position on the war, which is marked by neutrality and a propensity towards nonviolence. Third, I delineate a few trajectories, which could allow churches to be more proactive in playing a role in peacemaking and future reconciliation.

Article history: Received 17.04.2023; Revised 05.2023; Accepted 05.2023; Available online: 07. 06. 2023. Available print: 30. 06. 2023

Author Biography

Pavlo SMYTSNYUK, Princeton University; Ukrainian Catholic University. pavlo.smytsnyuk@gmail.com

Researcher in Hellenic Studies and Religion at Princeton University. From 2019–2022, he was the Director of the Institute of Ecumenical Studies and a Senior Lecturer at the Ukrainian Catholic University. Email: pavlo.smytsnyuk@gmail.com.

References

[AUCCRO], “Information about UCCRO”, The Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations (2021), https://vrciro.org.ua/en/council/info.

[CEC] Conference of European Churches, “Pathways to Peace: CEC to Implement Peace Initiatives in Europe” (15.12.2022), https://ceceurope.org/pathways-to-peace-cec-to-implement-peace-initiatives-in-europe/.

[IRF], “Almost 500 Religious Sites Were Destroyed in Ukraine as a Result of Russian Aggression”, Institute for Religious Freedom (3.02.2023), https://irf.in.ua/p/105.

[KPV] “Список погибших священнослужителей и церковнослужителей христианских церквей Украины” [List of Deceased Priests and Church Ministers of the Christian Churches of Ukraine], Христиане против войны [Christians Against War] (2023), https://shaltnotkill.info/spisok-pogibshih-svyashhennosluzhitelej-i-czerkovnosluzhitelej-hristianskih-czerkvej-ukrain y/?fbclid=IwAR2x5WD3ZJcb8n0BSbZCUBRQWUrKKItWS-0wH56yVs3T4- lpuK7jd_eu81o.

[NELTSU], “Настав час молитов за справедливий мир” [It Is Time to Pray for a Just Peace], Німецька Євангелічно-Лютеранська Церква України (24.02.2022), https://nelcu.org.ua/nastav-chas-molytov-za-spravedlyvyj-myr/.

[UGCC], The Ecumenical Position of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, Lviv: Koleso, 22022.

ˉˉ, “‘Думаю, що це невчасна ідеяї, – Блаженніший Святослав прокоментував задум цьогорічної Хресної дороги у Колізеї” [‘I think this is an untimely idea,’ His Beatitude Sviatoslav commented on the idea of this year’s Via Crucis in the Colloseum], Синод Єпископів УГКЦ 2022, https://synod.ugcc.ua/data/dumayu-shcho-tse-nevchasna-ideya-blazhennishyy-svyatoslav-prokomentuvav-zadum-tsogorichnoy-hresnoy-dorogy-u-kolizey-8752/.

ˉˉ, “‘Уповноваження опозиції на переговори з Президентом засновувалося на авторитеті Церков…’ – Глава УГКЦ” [‘The authorisation of the opposition to negotiate with the President was based on the Churches’ authority…’ – Head of the UGCC], Медіаресурс УГКЦ (26.01.2014), https://www.ugcc.tv/ua/media/68962. html.

*, “Dopo la orrenda strage di Dnipro in Ucraina si attendono con partecipazione addolorata le parole del Santo Padre oggi nel corso dell’Udienza generale”, Il Sismografo (18.01.2023), https://ilsismografo.blogspot.com/2023/01/vaticano-dopo-la-orrenda-strage-di.html.

*, “Fundamental Agreement Between the Holy See and the State of Israel”, AAS 86 (1994) 716–728.

*, “Trattato fra la Santa Sede e l’Italia”, AAS 21 (1929) 209–221.

*, “Легойда: изменения границ государств в пределах РПЦ не влияют на церковное единство” [Legoida: Changes of State Borders within the Bounds of the Russian Orthodox Church Do Not Affect Church Unity], TASS (2022), https:// tass.ru/obschestvo/13808355.

Agamben, Giorgio, State of Exception (transl. Kevin Attell), Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

Antonyuk, Valerii, “Звернення до служителів і церков у зв’язку з початком війни” [Appeal to ministers and churches regarding the beginning of the war], Всеукраїнський союз церков євангельських християн-баптистів (24.02.2022), https://www.baptyst.com/zvernennya-v-antonyuka-do-sluzhyteliv-i-tserkov-u-zv-yazku-z-pochatkom-vijny/.

Arendt, Hannah, Responsibility and Judgment, New York: Schocken Books, 2003.

Atkin, Nicholas, “Catholics and the Long Liberation: The Progressive Moment”, The Uncertain Foundation: France at the Liberation 1944–47, edited by Andrew Knapp, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, 121–138.

Babiak, Augustyn, De la légitimité d’un Patriarcat ukrainien, Lyon; Lviv: Missioner, 2004.

Babynskyi, Anatolii, “The Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) and the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church (UGCC): A Meeting after the Tomos”, Canadian Slavonic Papers 62.3–4 (2020) 488–496.

ˉˉ, “Кінець Ostpolitik” [The end of Ostpolitik], Патріархат (2022), http://www. patriyarkhat.org.ua/statti-zhurnalu/kinets-ostpolitik/.

Babynskyi, Anatolii, and Yuriy Pidlisnyy, “Antonio Spadaro and His Seven Paintings from the Hermitage”, РІСУ (2022), https://risu.ua/en/antonio-spadaro-and-his-seven-paintings-from-the-hermitage_n130752.

Bartholomew, Patriarch, “Speech in Abu Dhabi” (2022), https://risu.ua/en/speech-by-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew-in-abu-dhabi_n134828.

Berezovsky, Onuphriy, “Звернення Блаженнішого Митрополита Київського і всієї України Онуфрія до вірних та до громадян України” [Address of His Beatitude Metropolitan Onufriy of Kyiv and All Ukraine to the faithful and citizens of Ukraine], Українська православна церква (24.02.2022), https://news. church.ua/2022/02/24/zvernennya-blazhennishogo-mitropolita-kijivskogo-vsijeji-ukrajini-onufriya-virnix-ta-gromadyan-ukrajini/#2023-04-25.

Bohdan, Olena, “Яким є справжнє обличчя духовної незалежності?” [What is the true face of spiritual independence?], Діалог Тут (13.03.2023), https://www. dialogtut.org/yakym-ye-spravzhnye-oblychchya-duhovnoyi-nezalezhnosti-olena-bogdan-pro-sytuacziyu-z-lavroyu/.

Bole, William, Drew Christiansen, and Robert T. Hennemeyer, Forgiveness in International Politics: An Alternative Road to Peace, vol. 5, Washington, DC: USCCB Publishing, 2004.

Bortnyk, Serhiy, Стратегії примирення. Роль Церков в Україні [Reconciliation strategies. The role of churches in Ukraine], Kyiv: ‘Ріджи’, 2021.

Bremer, Thomas, and Sophia Senyk. “La situation ecclésiale orthodoxe actuelle en Ukraine: Quelques remarques critiques.” Istina 64.1 (2019) 25–50.

Briscoe, Patrick, “Archbishop Denounces ‘Completely Amoral’ Russian War in Ukraine on Anniversary of Invasion”. Interview with Borys Gudziak, Our Sunday (23.02.2023), https://www.oursundayvisitor.com/archbishop-denounces-completely-amoral-russian-war-in-ukraine-on-anniversary-of-invasion/.

Brylov, Denys, Tetiana Kalenychenko, and Pavlo Smytsnyuk, “Ukraine’s Far-Right Movements and Their Connections to the Religious World”, in The Christian Right in Europe: Movements, Networks and Denominations, edited by Giovanni Lo Mascolo, Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, forthcoming.

Cabanel, Patrick, “Protestantism in the Czech Historical Narrative and Czech Nationalism of the Nineteenth Century”, National Identities 11.1 (2009) 31–43.

Caiani, Ambrogio, “Napoleon and the Church”, The Cambridge History of the Napoleonic Wars, vol. 1: Politics and Diplomacy, edited by Michael Broers and Philip Dwyer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022, 253–271.

Cardinale, Hyginus Eugene, The Holy See and the International Order, Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1976.

Casanova, José, “The Three Kyivan Churches of Ukraine and the Three Romes”, East/ West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 9.1 (2022) 209–234.

Christiansen, Drew, “Fratelli tutti and the Responsibility to Protect”, Journal of Catholic Social Thought 18.1 (2021) 5–14.

Christophe, Paul, “Le cardinal Baudrillart et ses choix pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale”, Revue d’histoire de l’Église de France 78.200 (1992) 57–75.

Clark, Christopher, “The New Catholicism and the European Culture Wars”, Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Europe, edited by Christopher Clark and Wolfram Kaiser, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 11–46.

Cointet, Michèle, L’église sous Vichy: 1940-1945: La repentance en question, [Paris]: Perrin, 1998.

Elsner, Regina, “Ukrainian Churches and the Implementation of the Istanbul Convention in Ukraine: Being Europe Without Accepting ‘Gender’”, The Review of Faith & International Affairs 20.3 (2022) 63–76.

Fabbri, Dario, “Prefazione”, in Il santo realismo: il Vaticano come potenza politica internazionale da Giovanni Paolo II a Francesco, edited by Matteo Matzuzzi, Roma: Luiss University Press, 2021, 7–9.

Ferrara, Pasquale, Il mondo di Francesco: Bergoglio e la politica internazionale, Cinisello Balsamo: San Paolo, 2016.

Filipovitch, Lyudmila O., and Oksana V. Horkusha (eds.), Майдан і Церква: Хроніка подій та експертна оцінка [Maidan and the Church: Chronicle of events and expert assessment], Kyiv: Самміт-Книга, 2014.

Francis, Pope. “Address to Participants in the Papal Representatives’ Days”, The Holy See (21.06.2013), https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2013/june/ documents/papa-francesco_20130621_rappresentanti-pontifici.html.

ˉˉ, “Fratelli Tutti: Encyclical Letter on Fraternity and Social Friendship”, The Holy See (2020), http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/ papa-francesco_20201003_enciclica-fratelli-tutti.html.

Gaetan, Victor, God’s Diplomats: Pope Francis, Vatican Diplomacy, and America’s Armageddon, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2021.

Gallaher, Brandon, Pantelis Kalaitzidis, and the Drafting Committee, “A Declaration on the ‘Russian World’ (Russkii Mir) Teaching”, Mission Studies 39 (2022) 269–276.

Gentile, Emilio, God’s Democracy: American Religion after September 11 (transl. Jennifer Pudney, Suzanne D. Jaus), Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008.

Gundyayev, Kirill, “Выступление на XВРНС” [Speech at 10th World Russian People’s Council], Всемирный Русский Народный Собор (6.04.2006), https://vrns.ru/ documents/63/1190.

ˉˉ, “Интервью украинским тележурналистам”, Русская Православная Церковь (19.07.2010), http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/1223635.html.

ˉˉ, “Патриаршая проповедь в Неделю сыропустную после Литургии в Храме Христа Спасителя” [Patriarchal sermon on Forgiveness Sunday after the Liturgy in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior ], Русская Православная Церковь (6.03.2022), http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5906442.html.

ˉˉ, “Патриаршая проповедь в праздник Благовещения Пресвятой Богородицы после Литургии в Храме Христа Спасителя” [Patriarchal Sermon on the Feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary after the Liturgy in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior], Русская Православная Церковь (7.07.2022), http://www. patriarchia.ru/db/text/5915151.html.

ˉˉ, “Россия стремится сохранить свою самобытность, свою веру, свою систему ценностей” [Russia is seeking to save its originality, faith and value system], Русская Православная Церковь (9.04.2023), http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/ text/6017763.html

ˉˉ, Семь слов о русском мире [Seven lectures on the Russian world] edited by Shchipkov A.V. Москва: Всемирный Русский Народный Собор, 2015.

ˉˉ, “Слово на открытии III Ассамблеи Русского мира”, in Патриарх Московскийи всея Руси Кирилл. Собрание трудов vol. V/1, Moscow: Издательство Московской Патриархии РПЦ, 2021, 125–134.

Halls, W.D., Politics, Society and Christianity in Vichy France, Oxford: Berg, 1995.

Hebblethwaite, Peter, Pope John XXIII, Shepherd of the Modern World, Garden City, NY: Doubleday Books, 1985.

Hentosh, Liliana, Митрополит Шептицький: 1923–1939. Випробування ідеалів [Metropolitan Sheptytsky, 1923–1939: A Trial of Ideals], Lviv: ВНТЛ-Класика, 2015.

Hobsbawm, Eric, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 22013.

Hovorun, Cyril, “Interpreting the ‘Russian World’”, Eastern Orthodox Encounters of Identity and Otherness: Values, Self-reflection, Dialogue edited by Andrii Krawchuk and Thomas Bremer, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, 163–172.

ˉˉ, “War and Autocephaly in Ukraine”, Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal 7 (2020) 1–25.

Juergensmeyer, Mark, “Martyrdom and Sacrifice in a Time of Terror”, Social Research 75.2 (2008) 417–434.

Kahn, Charles H. (ed.), The Art and Thought of Heraclitus: An Edition of the Fragments with Translation and Commentary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Kapela, Ewa, “Neologizmy polityczne w nagłówkach rosyjskich tekstów medialnych”, Przegląd rusycystyczny 1 (2018) 143–153.

Karpov, Vyacheslav, and Kimmo Kääriäinen, “‘Abortion Culture’ in Russia: Its Origins, Scope, and Challenge to Social Development”, Journal of Applied Sociology 22.2 (2005) 13–33.

Knorre, Boris, “The Culture of War and Militarization within Political Orthodoxy in the Post-soviet Region”, Transcultural Studies 12.1 (2016) 15–38.

Knorre, Boris, and Arseny Kumankov, “‘Богословие войны’ в постсоветском российском православии” [The 'Theology of War' in Post-Soviet Russian Orthodoxy], Политическое богословие, edited by Алексей Бодров and Михаил Толстолуженко, Moscow: Издательство ББИ, 2019, 52–76.

Kögler, Hans-Herbert, “Democracy or Dictatorship? The Moral call to Defend Ukraine”, European Journal of Social Theory [Onlinefirst] (2023) [1–29].

Kokkinidis, Tasos, “‘We Stand by Ukraine’ Patriarch Bartholomew Says in Easter Message”, Greek Reporter (21.04.2022), https://greekreporter.com/2022/04/21/ patriarch-bartholomew-ukraine-easter/

Koshiw, Isobel, “The Enemy within? Ukraine’s Moscow-affiliated Orthodox Church Faces Scrutiny”, The Guardian (25.04.2023), https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2023/apr/25/the-enemy-within-ukraines-moscow-affiliated-orthodox-church-faces-scrutiny.

Krawchuk, Andrii, “Constructing Interreligious Consensus in the Post-Soviet Space: The Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations.” Eastern Orthodox Encounters of Identity and Otherness: Values, Self-reflection, Dialogue, edited by Andrii Krawchuk and Thomas Bremer, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, 273–300.

Krivitskiy, Vitaliy, “Il vescovo di Kiev: non ci sono le condizioni per la visita del Papa”. Interview by Giacomo Gambassi, Avvenire (17.06.2022), https://www.avvenire.it/ chiesa/pagine/papa-francesco-pace-in-ucraina-intervista-vescovo-kiev-krivitsky.

ˉˉ, “Єресь в церкві. Як реагувати?” [Heresy in the church: How to react?], Interview by Oleksiy Pohorielov, Kyjivsko-Zhytomyrska Dietseziya (6.01.2020), https://kzd. org.ua/en/node/1074.

Kumankov, Arseniy, “Nazism, Genocide and the Threat of The Global West. Russian Moral Justification of War in Ukraine.” Etikk i praksis – Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics [early view] (2022) 1–21.

Kurylets, Taras, “‘Прозріння’ щодо Патріарха Кирила та РПЦ у Ватикані. Коментар на інтерв’ю кардинала Курта Коха” [Change of heart on Patriarch Kirill and the Russian Orthodox Church in the Vatican. Commentary on an interview with Cardinal Kurt Koch], РІСУ (22.07.2022), https://risu.ua/prozrinnya-shchodo-patriarha-kirila-ta-rpc-u-vatikani-komentar-na-intervyu-kardinala-kurta-koha_n131050.

Laruelle, Marlène, In the Name of the Nation: Nationalism and Politics in Contemporary Russia, New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillian, 2009.

Latreille, André, De Gaulle, la Libération et l’Église catholique, Paris: Cerf, 1978.

Lefèvre, Hugues, “Vatican Apologizes to Russia after Pope’s Remarks”, Aleteia (15.12.2022), https://aleteia.org/2022/12/15/vatican-apologizes-to-russia-after-popes-remarks/.

Le Moigne, Frédéric, Les évêques français de Verdun à Vatican II: Une génération en mal d’héroïsme, Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2005.

Marynovych, Myroslav, Митрополит Андрей Шептицький і принцип ‘позитивної суми’ [Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky and the principle of ‘positive sum’], Lviv: Видавництво Старого Лева, 2019.

ˉˉ, “Фатіма як тест” [Fatima as a test], РІСУ (2022), https://risu.ua/fatima-yak-test_ n127625.

McGee, Robert W., “Three Views on the Ethics of Tax Evasion”, Journal of Business Ethics 67.1 (2006) 15–35.

Morozzo della Rocca, Roberto, “La diplomazia pontificia soffre il protagonismo del papa latinoamericano”, Limes – Rivista italiana di geopolitica 6 (2018) 115–122.

Mortelmans, Dimitri (ed.), Divorce in Europe: New Insights in Trends, Causes and Consequences of Relation Break-ups, Cham: Springer, 2020.

Mosse, George L., “Fascism and the French Revolution”, Journal of Contemporary History 24.1 (1989) 5–26.

Nathanson, Stephen, “Nationalism and the Limits of Global Humanism”, The Morality of Nationalism edited by Robert McKim and Jeff McMahan, New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, 176–187.

Németh, Thomas Mark, “Der Krieg gegen die Ukraine und die Kirchen. Anfragen an die Theologie”, Limina 6.1 (2023) 235–256, https://limina-graz.eu/index.php/ limina/article/view/182/192.

ˉˉ, “Рим та Україна. Розважання над Страсним тижнем” [Rome and Ukraine. Reflections on the Holy Week], Патріархат (15.04.2022), http://www.patriyarkhat.org. ua/rym-ta-ukrajina-rozvazhannya-tomasa-marka-nemeta-nad-strasnym-tyzhnem/.

Omer, Atalia, “Religion and the Study of Peace: Practice without Reflection”, Religions 12.12 (2021) 1–18.

[OSCE], Freedom of Religion or Belief and Security: Policy Guidance, Warsaw: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions, 2019.

Ostrovsky, Pavel [@pavelostrovski], “Иерусалим, Иерусалим…” [Jerusalem, Jerusalem…]. Telegram. April 17, 2022. https://t.me/s/pavelostrovski.

Philpott, Daniel, Just and Unjust Peace: An Ethic of Political Reconciliation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

ˉˉ, “What Religion Brings to the Politics of Transitional Justice”, Journal of International Affairs 61.1 (2007) 93–110.

Putin, Vladimir, “Address by the President of the Russian Federation”. President of Russia (21.02.2022), http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67828.

ˉˉ, “On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians”, President of Russia (12.07.2021), http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181.

ROC, “Журналы Священного Синода от 7 июня 2022 года” [Journals of the Holy Synod of June 7, 2022], Русская Православная Церковь (7.06.2022), http://www. patriarchia.ru/db/text/5934527.html.

Roccucci, Adriano, “Vaticano e Mosca mai così vicini”, Limes – Rivista italiana di geopolitica 6 (2018) 223–234.

Rogov, Kirill, “Having It Both Ways: Russians Both Support and Oppose War”. Wilson Center (17.03.2023), https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/having-it-both-ways-russians-both-support-and-oppose-war.

Roncalli, Angelo Giuseppe, Journal de France, Vol. 1: 1945-1948, Translated by Jacques Mignon. Еdited by Étienne Fouilloux. Paris: Cerf, 2006.

Rousselet, Kathy, La Sainte Russie contre l’Occident, Paris: Salvator, 2022.

Sagan, Oleksandr, “Orthodoxy in Ukraine: Current State and Problems”, Traditional Religion and Political Power: Examining the Role of the Church in Georgia, Armenia, Ukraine and Moldova, edited by Adam Hug, London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2015, 16–22.

Sakevich, Viktoria I., and Boris P. Denisov, “Репродуктивное здоровье населения и проблема абортов в России: новейшие тенденции” [Reproductive health of the population and the problem of abortion in Russia], Социологические исследования 11 (2019) 140–151.

Schmitt, Carl, The Concept of the Political (transl. George Schwab, expanded ed.), Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 2007.

Sheptytsky, Andrei, Церква і суспільне питання: Пастирське вчення та діяльність [Church and social question: Pastoral teaching and activity]. Еdited by Андрій Кравчук, vol. 2⁄1, Lviv: Вид-во Отців Василіян ‘Місіонер’, 1998.

Shevchuk, Sviatoslav, “Чи гріх бажати смерті Путіну?” [Is it a sin to wish Putin’s death?]. Interview by Roman Kravets, Nazariy Mazyliuk, Українська правда (19.01.2023), https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2023/01/19/7385485/.

Shevchuk, Sviatoslav, and Krzysztof Tomasik, Діалог лікує рани [Dialogue heals wounds], Lviv: Svichado, 2019.

Shevchuk, Sviatoslav, and Ihor Yatsiv, “Two Parallel Worlds”, RISU (2016), https://risu. ua/en/two-parallel-worlds-an-interview-with-his-beatitude-sviatoslav_n78261.

Smytsnyuk, Pavlo, “The Holy See Confronts the War in Ukraine: Between Just War Theory and Nonviolence”, ET-Studies – Journal of the European Society for Catholic Theology 14.1 (2023), 3–24.

ˉˉ, “The New Orthodox Church in Ukraine: Ecumenical Aspects and Problems”, Orthodoxy in Two Manifestations?: The Conflict in Ukraine as Expression of a Fault Line in World Orthodoxy, edited by Thomas Bremer, Alfons Brüning and Nadieszda Kizenko, Berlin: Peter Lang, 2022, 303–332.

ˉˉ, “Revolution, Glory and Sacrifice: Ukraine’s Maidan and the Revival of a European Identity”, Europa (neu) erzählen: Inszenierungen Europas in politischer, theologischer und kulturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive, edited by Martin Kirschner, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2022, 215–236.

ˉˉ, “Православное антизападничество на службе национализма: идеи Христоса Яннараса и Россия” [Orthodox Anti-Westernism at the Service of Nationalism: Christos Yannaras’ Insights for Russia], in Религия и национализм, edited by АлексейБодров and Михаил Толстолуженко, Мосow: ББИ, 2021, 69–89.

State Service of Ukraine for Ethnic Policy and Freedom of Conscience [DESS], “Висновок релігієзнавчої експертизи Статуту про управління Української Православної Церкви на наявність церковно-канонічного зв’язку з Московським патріархатом” [Expert Opinion on the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Administration Statute with Regard to its Ecclesial and Canonical Relations with the Moscow Patriarchate], ДЕСС (23.01.2023), https://dess.gov.ua/vysnovok-relihiieznavchoi-ekspertyzy-statutu-pro-upravlinnia-ukrainskoi-pravoslavnoi-tserkvy/.

Stoeckl, Kristina, and Dmitry Uzlaner, The Moralist International: Russia in the Global Culture Wars, New York: Fordham University Press, 2022.

Stoichev, Silvestr, “Церковные вопросы требуют спокойного и вдумчивого обсуждения” [Church issues require a calm and thoughtful discussion]. Interview by Yulia Kominko, Діалог Тут (1.02.2023), https://www.dialogtut.org/czerkovnye-voprosy-trebuyut-spokojnogo-y-vdumchyvogo-obsuzhdenyya/.

Suslov, Mikhail, “‘Russian World’ concept: Post-Soviet geopolitical ideology and the logic of ‘spheres of influence’”, Geopolitics 23.2 (2018) 330–353.

Tobin, Greg, The Good Pope: The Making of a Saint and the Remaking of the Church. The Story of John XXIII and Vatican II, New York, NY: HarperOne, 2012.

UN, “Charter of the United Nations”, Law and Practice of the United Nations: Documents and Commentary, edited by Simon Chesterman, Ian Johnstone and David M. Malone, Oxford: Oxford University Presss, 2016, 665–687.

UOC, “Resolutions. May 27, 2022”, UOC – The Synodal Information and Educational Department (28.05.2022), https://news.church.ua/2022/05/28/resolutions-council-ukrainian-orthodox-church-may-27-2022/?lang=en.

ˉˉ, “Статут про управління Української Православної Церкви (з доповненнями і змінами) від 27 травня 2022 року” [Statute of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (with additions and changes) from 27 May 2022], ДЕСС (18.12.2022), https://dess. gov.ua/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1.2-Statut-UPTS.pdf.

Vasilevich, Natallia [Наталля с двумя ‘Л’], “Почему я считаю, что УПЦ действи¬тельно пошла на разрыв с Москвой” [Why do I think that the UOC really broke with Moscow], Telegram (19.04.2023), https://t.me/burbalka/981.

ˉˉ, “Русский мир есть? А если найду?” [Is there a Russian world? What if I find it?]. Telegram (9.04.2023), https://t.me/burbalka/964.

ˉˉ, “Социальная концепция РПЦ и богословское обоснование войны в Украине” [The Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church and Theological Justification of the War in Ukraine], Христиане против войны (8.12.2022), https://shaltnotkill. info/soczialnaya-konczepcziya-rpcz-i-bogoslovskoe-obosnovanie-vojny-v-ukraine/.

Vasin, Maksym, Dmytro Koval, Igor A. Kozlovskyy, and Anastasia Zaiets, Russian Attacks on Religious Freedom in Ukraine: Research, Analytics, Recommendations, Kyiv: Institute for Religious Freedom, 2022.

Vasin, Maksym S. (ed.), Всеукраїнська Рада Церков і релігійних організацій. Збірник документів. 1996–2021 [All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations. Collection of documents. 1996–2021], Kyiv: Медіа світ, 2021.

Vovk, Dmytro, “Draft Law Better than Others, Freedom of Religion or Belief Concerns Remain”. Forum 18 (2.02.2023), https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_ id=2807.

ˉˉ, “Dynamics of Church-State Relations in Ukraine and the Military Conflict with Russia”, in Religion During the Russian–Ukrainian Conflict, edited by Elizabeth A. Clark and Dmytro Vovk, London; New York: Routledge, 2020, 32–53.

ˉˉ, “Kyiv Pechersk Lavra Conflict, Draft Law, Impact on Freedom of Religion or Belief”, Forum 18 (6.04.2023), https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2823.

Wanner, Catherine, Everyday Religiosity and the Politics of Belonging in Ukraine, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2022.

White, Christopher, “Ukraine’s Foreign Minister: Vatican Must ‘Call a Spade a Spade’ when Speaking on Russia”, National Catholic Reporter (10.12.2022), https://www. ncronline.org/vatican/vatican-news/ukraines-foreign-minister-vatican-must-call-spade-spade-when-speaking-russia.

Wynnyckyj, Mychailo, Ukraine’s Maidan, Russia’s War: A Chronicle and Analysis of the Revolution of Dignity, Stuttgart: Ibidem Verlag, 2019.

Yelensky, Viktor, “Чи можливий ‘церковний компроміс’ у Києво-Печерській лаврі?” [Is an ‘ecclesial compromise’ possible in the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra?]. Interview by Lilia Rzheutska, Deutsche Welle (6.04.2023), https://www.dw.com/uk/ superecka-navkolo-upc-mp-ci-mozlivij-cerkovnij-kompromis-u-lavri/a-65240490.

Zorgdrager, Heleen, “Churches, Dignity, Gender: The Istanbul Convention as a Matter of Public Theology in Ukraine”, International Journal of Public Theology 14.3 (2020) 296–318.

Downloads

Published

2023-06-07

How to Cite

SMYTSNYUK, P. (2023). THE WAR IN UKRAINE AS A CHALLENGE FOR RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES: ORTHODOXY, CATHOLICISM AND PROSPECTS FOR PEACEMAKING. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Theologia Catholica Latina, 68(1), 26–70. https://doi.org/10.24193/theol.cath.latina.2023.LXVIII.1.02

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

1 2 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.