INSURGENCY AND TERRORISM IN AFRICA. MAIN LINES OF ACTION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. CASE STUDY: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, MALI AND NIGER / INSURRECTION ET TERRORISME EN AFRIQUE. PRINCIPALES ORIENTATIONS DE REPONSE DE L'UNION EUROPEENNE. ETUDE DE CAS: REPUBLIQ

Abstract

This article examines the main causes of insecurity on the African continent by attempting to identify the structural factors. Starting from these, the study examines and proposes a series of generic EU action lines for an integrated response. The work aimed to answer the following questions: What are the structural factors of insecurity in Africa? What lines of action should the European Union adopt? Is the action in the security sector sufficient? The methodology used was the comparative analysis of similar phenomena in the three mentioned countries. Process tracing and document analysis techniques were also used to determine causality and similarities. The findings indicate that violent extremism, inter- and intra- community conflict, climate change, population growth and poor governance are exacerbating instability and fragmentation on the African continent. Moreover, armed conflicts have become internationalized due to the involvement of external actors such as Russia and China, even if their strategies are different and complementary in nature. In this context, the main axes of the European Union's response must be subordinated to diplomacy and political dialogue, support for socio-economic development and the strengthening of the security sector. These measures should be complemented by coordinating the actions of like-minded actors and articulating appropriate strategic communication actions.