EXPERIMENTAL BODIES: ANIMALS, SCIENCE, AND COLLECTIVITY IN CONTEMPORARY SHORT-FORM FICTION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2022.2.05Keywords:
laboratory animals, experimentation, flash, form, fragmentation, we-narrative, synecdoche, juxtapositionAbstract
Experimental Bodies: Animals, Science, and Collectivity in Contemporary Short-Form Fiction. In the relatively short time since its establishment as an area of research, literary animal studies has become a burgeoning field covering a significant amount of intellectual terrain: traversing, for example, thousands of years of history and an array of human-animal encounters like pet ownership and breeding, hunting, farming, and biotechnology. However, few scholars have focused their attention on “experimental animals”—that is, animals used in experiments within and beyond laboratories—and fewer still have investigated the aesthetic and ethical challenges of representing these animals (and literary animals more generally) as collectives. This article uses the polysemy of “the experimental” to think together innovative literary forms and descriptions of scientific research and experimentation. In particular, it considers some of the tensions that arise in literary experiments that feature representations of animal collectives in science. In place of an in-depth study of a single text, I draw on Natalia Cecire’s vocabulary (2019) of the “flash” to explore how Tania Hershman’s short story “Grounded: God Glows” (2017), Karen Joy Fowler’s “Us” (2013), and an excerpt from Thalia Field’s Bird Lovers, Backyard (2010) constitute an ecology of experimental texts which, when considered alongside one another, highlight patterns of animal multiplicity and movement. Foregrounding literary strategies like fragmentation, we-narrative, and synecdoche and juxtaposition, I argue that snapshots of animal collectives in Hershman, Fowler, and Field accumulate into a shimmering and hybrid multitude of bodies resistant to uncritical forms of literary anthropomorphism and impersonal scientific practices that frequently transform such bodies into readable and interpretable “data.”
Article history: Received 17 February 2022; Revised 20 May 2022; Accepted 26 May 2022; Available online 30 June 2022; Available print 30 June 2022.
REZUMAT. Corpuri experimentale: animalele, știința și colectivitatea în proza scurtă contemporană. În timpul relativ scurt de la înființarea acestui domeniu de cercetare, studiile literare despre animale au avansat semnificativ pe teren intelectual, traversând milenii de întâlniri între om și animal, și surprinzând aspecte precum proprietatea asupra animalelor de companie și reproducerea acestora, vânătoarea, agricultura și biotehnologia. Cu toate acestea, puțini cercetători și-au concentrat atenția asupra animalelor experimentale – cu alte cuvinte, asupra animalelor utilizate în experimente în interiorul și în afara laboratoarelor. Și mai puțini au investigat provocările estetice și etice ale reprezentării colective a acestor animale (și a animalelor literare în general). În articolul de față, mă folosesc de polisemia „experimentalului” pentru a gândi împreună forme literare inovatoare și descrieri ale cercetării științifice și experimentării. Specific, mă refer la unele dintre tensiunile care apar în gândirea despre experimentele literare ce conțin reprezentări de colectivități de animale în știință. În loc de un studiu aprofundat al unui singur text, recurg la vocabularul prozei „flash” al Nataliei Cecire (2019) pentru a arăta modul în care povestirile „Grounded: God Glows” (2107) de Tania Hershman, „Us” (2013) de Karen Joy Fowler, precum și un fragment din Bird Lovers, Backyard (2010) de Thalia Field constituie o ecologie a textelor experimentale care, luate unul lângă celălat, evidențiază modele ale multiplicității și mișcării animaliere. Recurgând la strategii literare precum fragmentarea, narațiunea colectivă, sinecdocă și juxtapunere, susțin că, spre deosebire de genul de „roman experimental” pe care îl avea în vedere Zola, care își domină subiectul/subiecții dintr-o privire, instantaneele colectivităților animaliere din textele lui Hershman, Fowler și Field se acumulează formând o colectivitate fulgurantă și hibridă de corpuri care se opun impersonalizării și generalizării unei „metode experimentale” – metodă ce caută adesea să transforme asemenea corpuri în date lizibile și interpretabile.
Cuvinte-cheie: animale de laborator, experimentare, flash, formă, fragmentare, narațiuni colective, sinecdocă, juxtapunere
References
Amos, Jonathan. 2015. “Knut Polar Bear Death Riddle Solved.” BBC News. www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34073689.
Armstrong, Philip. 2011. “The Gaze of Animals.” In Theorizing Animals, edited by Nik Taylor and Tania Signal, 175–99. Leiden: BRILL. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004202429.i-294.43.
Atterton, Peter, and Tamra Wright (eds). 2019. Face-to-Face with Animals: Levinas and the Animal Question. Albany: Sunny Press.
Baetens, Jan, and Éric Trudel. 2014. “Backward/Forward: Thalia Field’s Metanarratives.” MFS Modern Fiction Studies 60 (3): 599–615. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2014.0044.
Bartosch, Roman. 2017. “Reading Seeing: Literary Form, Affect, and the Creaturely Potential of Focalization.” In Beyond the Human-Animal Divide, edited by Dominik Ohrem and Roman Bartosch, 215–38. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-93437-9_11.
Beaujour, Michel. 1981. “Some Paradoxes of Description.” Yale French Studies, no. 61: 27–59. https://doi.org/10.2307/2929876.
Beer, Gillian. 1983. Darwin’s Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth-Century Fiction. Third Edition. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bekhta, Natalya. 2017. “We-Narratives: The Distinctiveness of Collective Narration.” Narrative 25 (2): 164–81. https://doi.org/10.1353/nar.2017.0008.
Bekhta, Natalya. 2020. We-Narratives: Collective Storytelling in Contemporary Fiction. Theory and Interpretation of Narrative. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press.
Berger, John. 1980. “Why Look at Animals?” In About Looking, 1-26. London: Writers and Readers.
Bernaerts, Lars, Marco Caracciolo, Luc Herman, and Bart Vervaeck. 2014. “The Storied Lives of Non-Human Narrators.” Narrative 22 (1): 68–93. https://doi.org/10.1353/nar.2014.0002.
Bird Rose, Deborah. 2017. “Shimmer: When All You Love is Being Trashed.” In Arts of Living on a Damaged Planet, edited by Anna Tsing, Heather Swanson, Elaine Gan and Nils Bubandt, G51-64. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press.
Caracciolo, Marco. 2016. Strange Narrators in Contemporary Fiction: Explorations in Readers’ Engagement with Characters. Frontiers of Narrative. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Caracciolo, Marco. 2020. “Flocking Together: Collective Animal Minds in Contemporary Fiction.” PMLA 135 (2): 239–53. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2020.135.2.239.
Cecire, Natalia Aki. 2019. Experimental: American Literature and the Aesthetics of Knowledge. Hopkins Studies in Modernism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Daston, Lorraine, and Peter Galison. 2007. Objectivity. Cambridge, Mass: Zone Books.
Dennis, Simone. 2011. “Ambiguous Rats and Ambivalent Mice: Crossing the Great Divides in Scientific Practice.” In Animal Movements - Moving Animals: Essays on Direction, Velocity and Agency in Humanimal Encounters, edited by Jacob Bull, 75-95. Uppsala: Uppsala University.
Derrida, Jacques. 2008. The Animal That Therefore I Am. Translated by Marie-Louise Mallet. New York: Fordham University Press.
Field, Thalia. 2010. Bird Lovers, Backyard. New York: New Directions.
Fludernik, Monika. 1996. Towards a “Natural” Narratology. London: Routledge.
Fowler, D. P. 1991. “Narrate and Describe: The Problem of Ekphrasis.” Journal of Roman Studies 81 (November): 25–35. https://doi.org/10.2307/300486.
Fowler, Karen Joy. 2013. “Us.” American Quarterly 65 (3): 481–85. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2013.0044.
Gan, Elaine, Anna Tsing, Heather Swanson, and Nils Bubandt. 2017. ‘Introduction: Haunted Landscapes of the Anthropocene’. In Arts of Living on a Damaged Planet, edited by Anna Tsing, Heather Swanson, Elaine Gan, and Nils Bubandt, G1-16. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Garrard, Greg. 2011. Ecocriticism. 2nd ed. The New Critical Idiom. New York: Routledge.
Haraway, Donna. 1988. “Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective.” Feminist Studies 14 (3): 575–99. https://doi.org/10.2307/3178066.
Hayward, Eva. 2010. “Fingeryeyes: Impressions of Cup Corals.” Cultural Anthropology 25 (4): 577–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01070.x.
Hegglund, Jon. 2021. “Drawing (on) the Future: Narration, Animation, and the Partially Human.” In The Apocalyptic Dimensions of Climate Change, edited by Jan Alber, 109-24. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Herman, David. 2011. “Storyworld/Umwelt: Nonhuman Experiences in Graphic Narratives.” SubStance 40 (1): 156–81. https://doi.org/10.1353/sub.2011.0000.
Herman, David. 2018. Narratology beyond the Human: Storytelling and Animal Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=1712429.
Hershman, Tania. 2017. Some of Us Glow More Than Others. UNTHANK Books.
Lambert, Shannon. 2021. "'Fingeryeyed' Description: Laboratory Animals and Transspecies Empathy in VanderMeer and Yanagihara.” SubStance 50 (3): 74-92.
Lanser, Susan S. 1992. Fictions of Authority. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Lynch, Michael E. 1988. “Sacrifice and the Transformation of the Animal Body into a Scientific Object: Laboratory Culture and Ritual Practice in the Neurosciences.” Social Studies of Science 18 (2): 265-89.
Marcussen, Marlene Karlsson. 2021. “Floating Air--Solid Furniture: Vibrant Spaces in Virginia Woolf’s 'Time Passes'." In Narrating Nonhuman Spaces: Form, Story, and Experience Beyond Anthropocentrism, edited by Marco Caracciolo, Marlene Karlsson Marcussen, and David Rodriguez, 36–51. New York: Routledge.
McHugh, Susan. 2011. Animal Stories: Narrating across Species Lines. Posthumanities 15. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
McHugh, Susan, Robert McKay, and John Miller. 2021. The Palgrave Handbook of Animals in Literature. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Migeon, Barbara R. 2014. “Titles and Abstracts of Scientific Reports Ignore Variation among Species.” ELife 3 (December). https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05075.
Nagel, Thomas. 1974. "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?" Philosophical Review 83 (4): 435-50.
Nagel, Thomas. 1989. The View from Nowhere. New York, London: Oxford University Press.
National Human Genome Research Institute. 2020. “Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Fact Sheet.” https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Deoxyribonucleic-Acid-Fact-Sheet.
O’Key, Dominic. 2020. “Animal Collectives.” Style 54 (1): 74-85. https://doi.org/10.5325/style.54.1.0074.
Pick, Anat. 2015. “Why Not Look at Animals?” NECSUS 4 (1): 107–25.
Pound, Ezra. 1911. “I Gather the Limbs of Osiris (I-II).” New Age 10 (6): 130-31.
Puig de la Bellacasa, María. 2017. Matters of Care: Speculative Ethics in More than Human Worlds. Posthumanities 41. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Ritvo, Harriet. 2007. “On the Animal Turn.” Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 136 (4): 118-22.
Rodriguez, David. 2019. Spaces of Indeterminacy: Aerial Description and Environmental Imagination in 20th Century American Fiction. New York: Stony Brook University, Dissertation. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2019. 13884506.
Skloot, Rebecca. 2010. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. New York: Crown Publishers.
Stewart, Kathleen. 2007. Ordinary Affects. Durham: Duke University Press.
Tawada, Yōko. 2014. Memoirs of a Polar Bear. Translated by Susan Bernofsky 2016. New York: New Directions.
Waal, Frans B. M. de. 1999. “Anthropomorphism and Anthropodenial: Consistency in Our Thinking about Humans and Other Animals.” Philosophical Topics 27 (1): 255-80.
Waugh, Patricia. 2009. “Writing the Body: Modernism and Postmodernism.” In The Body and the Arts, edited by Corinne Saunders, Ulrika Maude, and Jane Macnaughton, 131–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230234000_10.
Wilford, John Noble. 1986. “Last Dusky Sparrow Struggles On.” The New York Times, 29 April 1986, sec. Science. https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/29/science/last-dusky-sparrow-struggles-on.html.
Zola, Émile. 1893. The Experimental Novel: And Other Essays. Translated by B. M. Sherman. Cassell Publishing Company. https://books.google.be/books?id=4kS5U7eBtQQC.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.