BARGAINING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MULTILATERAL NEGOTIATION PROCESSES

Authors

  • Alain GUGGENBÜHL Former Head of the Programme on European Negotiations, and Senior Lecturer, European Institute of Public Administration, Maastricht and Brussels. Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium. Email: alain.guggenbuhl@gmail.com.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2018.2.18

Keywords:

Bargaining, European Union, Negotiation, Strategy, Council of Ministers

Abstract

At a time of visible oppositions and some tensed relations between Member States of the EU, the article aims to advance the study of bargaining and unilateralism in reiterative consensus building processes such as multilateral negotiations within the EU. It examines how bargaining tendencies influence the three dimensions of any negotiation: the architecture of the negotiation; the deal-making and haggling; and the interpersonal level. Using selected theory and research, it identifies the essential elements of a successful bargaining formula applied to EU negotiations. The article proposes to combine principles and techniques originating from game theory; hostage negotiations and crisis bargaining; and military methodology.

References

Adam, Haljo; Shikaro, Aiwa; Maddux, William W. (2010), "Cultural Variance in the Interpersonal Effects of Anger in Negotiations" in Psychological Science, no. 6, vol. 21, 882-889.

Albin, Cecilia; Druckman, Daniel (2014), "Procedures Matter: Justice and Effectiveness in International Trade Negotiations" in European Journal of International Relations, no. 4, vol. 20, 1014-1042.

Arregui, Javier (2016), "Determinants of Bargaining Satisfaction Across Policy Domains in the European Union Council of Ministers" in Journal of Common Market Studies, no. 5, vol. 54, 1105-1122.

Arregui, Javier; Thomson, Robert (2014), "Domestic Adjustment Costs, Interdependence and Dissent in the Council of the European Union" in European Journal of Political Research, no. 4, vol. 53, 692-708.

Bailer, Stefanie; Mattila, Mikko; Schneider, Gerald (2015), "Money Makes the EU Go Round: The Objective Foundations of Conflict in the Council of Ministers" in JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, no. 3, vol. 53, 437-456.

Balakrishnan, P.V. (Sundar); Patton, Bruce; Lewis, Phillip (1993), "Toward a Theory of Agenda Setting in Negotiations" in Journal of Consumer Research, no. 4, vol. 19, 637-654.

Barry, Bruce; Smithey Fulmer, Ingrid; Goates, Nathan (2006), "Bargaining with Feeling: Emotionality In and Around Negotiation", in Leigh Thompson, Negotiation Theory and Research, New York: Psychology Press Taylor and Francis.

Bearce, David H.; Floros, Katarine M.; McKibben, Heather Elko (2009), "The Shadow of the Future and International Bargaining: The Occurrence of Bargaining in a Three-Phase Cooperation Framework" in The Journal of Politics, no. 2, vol. 71, 719-732.

Bernard, Phyllis E. (2009), "Bringing Soul to International Negotiation" in Negotiation Journal, no. April, vol., 147-159.

Brett, Jeanne M. (2007), Negotiating Globally: How to Negotiate Deals, Resolve Disputes, and Make Decisions Across Cultural Boundaries, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Brett, Jeanne; Thompson, Leigh (2016), "Negotiation" in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, no. 136, vol., 68-79.

Brooks, Bradley W.; Rose, Randall L. (2004), "A Contextual Model of Negotiation Orientation" in Industrial Marketing Management, no. 33, 125-133.

Brown, Ashley D.; Curhan, Jared R. (2013), "The Polarizing Effect of Arousal on Negotiation" in Psychological Science, no. 10, vol. 24, 1928-1935.

Butt, Arif Nazir; Choi, Jin Nam; Jaeger, Alfred M. (2005), "The Effects of Self-emotion, Counterpart Emotion, and Counterpart Behavior on Negotiator Behavior: a Comparison of Individual-level and Dyad-level Dynamics" in Journal of Organizational Behavior, no. 26, 681-704.

Carnevale, Peter J.; Issen, Alice M. (1986), "The Influence of Positive Affect and Visual Access on the Discovery of Integrative Solutions in Bilateral Negotiation" in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, no. 1, vol. 37, 1-13.

Citi, Manuele; Justesen, Mogens K. (2014), "Measuring and Explaining Regulatory Reform in the EU: A Time-Series Analysis of Eight Sectors, 1984–2012" in European Journal of Political Research, no. 4, vol. 53, 709-726.

Clark, Julian; Jones, Alun (2011), "‘Telling Stories about Politics’: Europeanization and the EU's Council Working Groups" in JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, no. 2, vol. 49, 341-366.

Cross, James (2012), "Everyone's a Winner (Almost): Bargaining Success in the Council of Ministers of the European Union" in European Union Politics, no. 1, vol. 14, 70-94.

Curhan, Jared R.; Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Xu, Heng (2006), "What Do People Value When They Negotiate? Mapping the Domain of Subjective Value in Negotiation" in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, no. 3, vol. 91, 493-512.

D'Amico, Lynne C.; Rubinstein, Robert A. (1999), "Cultural Considerations When ‘Setting’ The Negotiation Table" in Negotiation Journal, no. 4, vol. 15, 389-395.

De Dreu, Carsten K. W. (2010), "The Emergence and Consequences of Struggle and Negotiation",' in Fiske, Susan T.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Lindzey, Gardner, Handbook of Social Psychology, Hoboken N.J.: Wiley.

Deutsch, Morton (1961), "The Face of Bargaining" in Operations Research, no. 9, 886-897.

Druckman, Daniel (2009), "Intuition or Counterintuition? The Science behind the Art of Negotiation" in Negotiation Journal, no. 4, vol. 25, 431-448.

Druckman, Daniel; Harris, Richard (1990), "Alternative Models of Responsiveness in International Negotiation" in The Journal of Conflict Resolution, no. 2, vol. 34, 234-251.

Epstein, Rachel A. (2014), "Overcoming ‘Economic Backwardness’ in the European Union" in Journal of Common Market Studies, no. 1, vol. 52, 17-34.

Epstein, Seymour; Pacini, Rosemary; Denes-Raj, Veronika; et al. (1996), "Individual Differences in Intuitive-Experiential and Analytical-Rational Thinking Styles" in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, no. 2, vol. 7, 390-405.

Filley, Alan C. (1975), Interpersonal Conflict Resolution, Chicago: Scott, Foresman.

Fleck, Denise; Volkema, Roger J.; Pereira, Sergio (2016), "Dancing on the Slippery Slope: The Effects of Appropriate Versus Inappropriate Competitive Tactics on Negotiation Process and Outcome" in Group Decision and Negotiation, no. 25, 873-899.

Garett, Geoffrey; Tsebelis, George (1999), "More Reasons to Resist the Temptation of Power Indices in the European Union" in Journal of Theoretical Studies, no. 3, vol. 11, 331-338.

George, Jennifer; Jones, Gareth R.; Gonzalez, Jorge A. (1998), "The Role of Affect in Cross-Cultural Negotiations" in Journal of International Business Studies, no. 4, vol. 29, 749-772.

Gibson, Kevin (2011), "Making Sense of the Sacred" in Negotiation Journal, no. 4, vol. 27, 477-492.

Gillespie, James J.; Bazerman, Max H. (1998), "Pre-Settlement Settlement (PreSS): A Simple Technique for Initiating Complex Negotiations" in Negotiation Journal, no. April 1998, vol., 149-159.

Gino, Francesca; Moore, Don A. (2008), "Why Negotiators Should Reveal Their Deadlines: Disclosing Weaknesses Can Make You Stronger" in Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, no. 1, vol. 1, 77-96.

Golub, Jonathan (2012), "How the European Union Does Not Work: National Bargaining Success in the Council of Ministers" in Journal of European Public Policy, no. 9, vol. 19, 1294-1315.

Goodin, Robert E.; Brennan, Geoffrey (2001), "Bargaining over Beliefs" in Ethics, no. 2, vol. 111, 256-277.

Guggenbühl, Alain (2004), "Cookbook of the Presidency of the European Union",' in Meerts, Paul; Cede, Franz, Negotiating European Union, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Guggenbühl, Alain (2013), "The Culture of Negotiation in the European Union: Reviewing Trends and Predicting Patterns of Multilateral Decision-Making" in The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, no. 1, vol. 8, 21-47.

Habeeb, William Mark (1988), Power and Tactics in International Negotiation: How Weak Nations Bargain with Strong Nations, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Häge, Frank M. (2012), Bureaucrats as Law-makers: Committee Decision-making in the EU Council of Ministers, Abingdon: Routledge.

Hagemann, Sara; Hobolt, Sara B.; Wratil, Christopher (2016), "Government Responsiveness in the European Union: Evidence From Council Voting" in Comparative Political Studies, no. 6, vol. 50, 850-876.

Heisenberg, Dorothee (2005), "The Institution of 'Consensus' in the European Union: Formal Versus Informal Decision-Making in the Council" in European Jourrnal of Political Research, no. 44, 65-90.

Héritier, Adrienne (1996), "The Accommodation of Diversity in European Policy Making and its Outcomes: Regulatory Policy as a Patchwork" in European University Institute Working Papers, no. SPS 96/2.

Hofstede, Geert (2001), Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Hofstede, Geert; Hofstede, Gert Jan; Minkov, Michael (2010), Cultures and Organizations: Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival (The Software of the Mind), New York: McGraw Hill.

Høyland, Bjørn; Wøien Hansen, Vibeke (2010), Voting in the Consensual Council of Ministers. ECPR Fifth Pan-European Conference on EU Politics. Porto, Portugal.

Høyland, Bjørn; Wøien Hansen, Vibeke (2014), "Issue-Specific Policy-Positions and Voting in the Council" in European Union Politics, no. 1, vol. 15, 59-81.

Jönsson, Christer (2002), "Diplomacy, Bargaining and Negotiation", in Carlsneaes, Walter; Risse-Kappen, Thomas; Simmons, Beth A., Handbook of International Relations, London: Sage Publications, 212-234.

Kahn, Arnold S. ; Kohls, John W. (1972), "Determinants of Toughness in Dyadic Bargaining" in Sociometry, no. 2, vol. 35, 305-315.

Kassim, Hussein (2003), "Meeting the Demands of EU Membership: The Europeanization of National Administrative Systems",' in Featherstone, Kevin; Radaelli, Claudio M., The Politics of Europeanization, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 83-111.

Knopf, Jeffrey W. (1993), "Beyond Two-Level Games: Domestic-International Interaction in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Negotiations" in International Organization, no. 4, vol. 47, 559-628.

Kopelman, Shirli; Rosette, Ashley Shelby; Thompson, Leigh (2006), "The three Faces of Eve: Strategic Displays of Positive, Negative, and Neutral Emotions in Negotiations" in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, no. 99, 81-101.

Lax, David A.; Sebenius, James K. (1986), The Manager as Negotiator: Bargaining for Cooperation and Competitive Gain, New York; London: Free Press; Collier Macmillan.

Lax, David A.; Sebenius, James K. (1992), "The Manager as Negotiator: The Negotiator's Dilemma: Creating and Claiming Value",' in Goldberg, Stephen B.; Sander, Frank E. A.; Rogers, Nancy H., Dispute Resolution: Negotiation, Mediation, and Other Processes, Boston: Little, Brown and Co.

Lax, David A.; Sebenius, James K. (2006), 3-D Negotiation: Powerful Tools to Change the Game in Your Most Important Deals: Harvard Business School Press.

Lempp, Jakob; Altenschmidt, Janko (2008), "The Prevention of Deadlock through Informal Processes of 'Supranationalization': The Case of Coreper" in European Integration, no. 4, vol. 30, 511-526.

Lewicki, Roy J.; McAllister, Daniel J.; Bies, Robert J (1998), "Trust and Distrust: New Relationships and Realities" in The Academy of Management Review, no. 3, vol. 23, 438-458.

Lewicki, Roy J.; Wiethoff, Carolyn (2000), "Trust, Trust Development, and Trust Repair",' in Deutsch, Morton; Coleman, Peter T.; Marcus, Eric C., The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 86-107.

Magone, José M.; Laffan, Brigid; Scheiwer, Christian (2016), Core-Periphery Relations in the European Union. Power and Conflict in a Dualist Political Economy, Abingdon and New York: Routledge.

Malhotra, Deepak (2004), "Trust and Reciprocity Decisions: The Differing Perspectives of Trustors and Trusted Parties" in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, no. 2, vol. 94, 61-73.

Martin, Lisa (1994), "Heterogeneity, Linkages and Commons Problems" in Journal of Theoretical Studies, no. 4, vol. 6, 473-493.

McDonagh, Bobby (2015), "Inside the Mind of a Permanent Representative in Brussels: Personal Reflections" in European University Institute Working Papers, no. RSCA 2015/50.

McDuff, Ian (2006), "Your Pace or Mine? Culture, Time, and Negotiation" in Negotiation Journal, no. 1, vol. 22, 31-45.

McKibben, Heather Elko (2010), "Issue Characteristics, Issue Linkage and States' Choice of Bargaining Strategies in the European Union" in Journal of European Public Policy, no. 5, vol. 17, 694-707.

McKibben, Heather Elko (2013), "The Effects of Structures and Power on State Bargaining Strategies" in American Journal of Political Science, no. 2, vol. 57, 411-427.

Moore, Christopher W.; Woodrow, Peter J. (2010), Handbook of Global and Multicultural Negotiation, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Moore, Don A. (2004), "The Unexpected Benefits of Final Deadlines in Negotiation" in Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, no. 40, 121-127.

Olekalns, Mara; Brett, Jeanne M.; Weingart, Laurie R. (2003), "Phases, Transitions and Interruptions: Modeling Processes in Multi-Party Negotiations" in International Journal of Conflict Management, no. 3/4, vol. 14, 191-211.

Panke, Diana (2012), "Negotiation Effectiveness: Why Some States are Better Than Others in Making Their Voices Count in EU Negotiations" in Comparative European Politics, no. 1, vol. 10, 111-132.

Pinfari, Marco (2011), "Time to Agree: Is Time Pressure Good for Peace Negotiations?" in The Journal of Conflict Resolution, no. 5, vol. 55, 683-709.

Putnam, Robert D. (1988),"Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-level Games" in International Organization, no. 3, vol. 42, 427-460.

Putnam, Robert D. (1993), "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: the Logic of Two-level Games",' in Evans, Peter B.; Jacobson, Harold Karan; Putnam, Robert D. (eds.), Double-edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics, Berkeley: University of California Press.

Rosinski, Philippe (2010), Coaching Across Cultures: New Tools for Leveraging National, Corporate and Professional Differences, London: Nicolas Brealey Publishing.

Roszkowska, Ewa; Burns, Tom R. (2008), "Fuzzy Bargaining Games: Conditions of Agreement, Satisfaction, and Equilibrium" in Group Decision and Negotiation, no. 19, 421-440.

Schaefer, Günther; Egeberg, Morten; Korez, Silvo; et al. (2000), "The Experience of Member State Officials in EU Committees: A Report on Initial Findings of an Empirical Study" in Eipascope, no. 3, vol. 2000, 29-35.

Sebenius, James K. (1983), "Negotiation Arithmetic: Adding and Substracting Issues and Parties" in International Organization, no. 2, vol. 37, 281-316.

Shapiro, Daniel (2017), Negotiating the Nonnegotiable: How to Resolve Your Most Emotionally Charged Conflicts, Penguin Books.

Shapiro, Debra L.; Bies, Robert J. (1994), "Threats, Bluffs, and Disclaimers in Negotiations" in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, no. 1, vol. 60, 14-35.

Sinaceur, Marwan (2010),"Suspending Judgment to Create Value: Suspicion and Trust in Negotiation" in Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, no. 46, 543-550.

Sinaceur, Marwan; Van Kleef, Gerben A.; Neale, Margaret A.; et al. (2011), "Hot or Cold: Is Communicating Anger or Threats more Effective in Negotiation?" in Journal of Applied Psychology, no. 5, vol. 96, 1018-1032.

Smeets, Sandrino (2015), "Unanimity and Exposure in the EU Council of Ministers – or How the Dutch Won and Lost the ICTY debate" in European Journal of Political Research, no. 2, vol. 54, 228-304.

Smeets, Sandrino (2016), "Consensus and Isolation in the EU Council of Ministers" in Journal of European Integration, no. 1, vol. 38, 23-39.

Streeck, Wolfgang; Elsässer, Lea (2016),"Monetary Disunion: the Domestic Politics of Euroland" in Journal of European Public Policy, no. 1, vol. 23, 1-24.

Tenbrunsel, Ann E.; Wade-Benzoni, Kimberly A.; Tost, Leigh P.; et al. (2009), "The Reality and Myth of Sacred Issues in Negotiations" in Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, no. 3, vol. 2, 263-284.

Thompson, Leigh; Wang, Jiunwen; Gunia, Brian C. (2009), "Negotiation" in Annual Review of Psychology, no. 61, 491-515.

Thuderoz, Christian (2017), "Why Do We Respond to a Concession with another Concession? Reciprocity and Compromise" in International Negotiation, no. 1, vol. 33, 71-83.

Toshkov, Dimiter D. (2017), "The Impact of the Eastern Enlargement on the Decision-Making Capacity of the European Union" in Journal of European Public Policy, no. 2, vol. 24, 177-196.

Trompenaars, Fons; Hampden-Turner, Charles (1997), Riding the Waves of Culture. Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.

Tsebelis, George; Hahm, Hyeonho (2014), "Suspending Vetoes: How the Euro Countries Achieved Unanimity in the Fiscal Compact" in Journal of European Public Policy, no. 10, vol. 21, 1388-1411.

Van Aken, Wim (2012), "Voting in the Council of the European Union: Contested Decision-Making in the EU Council of Ministers (1995-2010)" in Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies (SIEPS), no. 2.

Van Roozendaal, Peter; Hosli, Madeleine O.; Heetman, Caspar (2012), "Coalition Formation on Major Policy Dimensions: The Council of the European Union 1998 to 2004" in Public Choice, no. 3/4, vol. 153, 447-467.

Walton, Richard E.; Mckersie, Robert B. (1965), A Behavioral Theory of Labor Negotiations, New York: McGraw Hill.

Welch Larson, Deborah (1998), "Exchange and Reciprocity in International Negotiations" in International Negotiation, no. 2, vol. 3, 121-138.

Wheeler, Michael (2013), Performance and the Art of Negotiation, New York: Simon and Schuster.

White, Judith B.; Tynan, Renée; Galinsky, Adam D.; et al. (2004), "Face Threat Sensitivity in Negotiation: Roadblock to Agreement and Joint Gain" in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, no. 94, 102-124.

Zartman, William I.; Berman, Maureen R. (1982), The Practical Negotiator, New Haven: Yale University Press.

Zhang, Zhi-Xhue; Han, Yu-Lan (2007), "The Effects of Reciprocation Wariness on Negotiation Behavior and Outcomes" in Group Decision and Negotiation, no. 16, 507-525.

Downloads

Published

2018-12-31

How to Cite

GUGGENBÜHL, A. . (2018). BARGAINING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MULTILATERAL NEGOTIATION PROCESSES. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea, 63(2), 339–380. https://doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2018.2.18

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.