THE SYMBOLIC TRANSFORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL SPACE INTO AN ASPIRATIONAL PROJECT: THE IMAGINARY OF THE MIDDLE CLASS IN THE CONVERSION OF THE FORMER CARBOCHIM INDUSTRIAL PLATFORM IN CLUJ-NAPOCA

Authors

  • Milo-Ivan KAJCSA Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, email: kajcsamilo@gmail.com
  • Irina-Ioana CRISTIAN Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, email: irina.cristian@stud.ubbcluj.ro

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2025-0007

Keywords:

middle class, neoliberalism, gentrification, Cluj-Napoca, manufacturing consent

Abstract

This research investigates how the gentrifying actor Rivus, a real estate project that encompasses the urban regeneration of the former Carbochim industrial platform, reinforces the middle-class imaginary in Cluj-Napoca by manufacturing consent through its communication strategies. The study examines how the urban regeneration project influences public perception of the middle class and legitimizes the middle-class imaginary by exploring the instrumentalization of nature, cultural identity, practicability, unity, work, and innovation in Rivus digital narratives. Through qualitative content analysis, the research examines a series of materials from the Rivus project’s social media platforms to identify recurring themes and discursive patterns. The research results illustrate Rivus’ strategy of helping to construct, strengthen, and reinforce the idea of the middle-class imaginary, capitalizing on the real estate and innovation ideals characteristic of the city of Cluj-Napoca. By doing this, the project not only normalises and complies with the neoliberal views of prosperity and those entitled to it but also undermines the inequality, exclusion, and social costs associated with gentrification. As a consequence, based on the Rivus project case study, the current paper identifies and highlights some of the techniques used by real estate developers in modeling the middle-class imaginary and its public acceptance.

References

Agenda Construcțiilor. “RPC: Investitii Publice Si Private de Peste 4 Miliarde Euro, in Cluj-Napoca | Info-Santiere.” Agendaconstructiilor.ro. Agenda Construcțiilor, November 4, 2024. https://www.agendaconstructiilor.ro/files/info-santiere/rpc-investitii-publice-si-private-de-peste-4-miliarde-euro-in-cluj-napoca.html, 10/Jul/2025

Alecu, Bogdan. “Clujul Atrage Investiţii Publice Şi Private de 4 Mld. Euro. Cele Mai Multe Investiţii Merg Către Comercia.” ZF.ro. Ziarul Financiar, November 4, 2024. https://www.zf.ro/eveniment/clujul-atrage-investitii-publice-si-private-de-4-mld-euro-cele-mai-22538672, 10/Jul/2025

Atkinson, Rowland. “Introduction: Misunderstood Saviour or Vengeful Wrecker? The Many Meanings and Problems of Gentrification.” Urban Studies 40, no. 12 (November 2003): 2343–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000136093.

Birdsall, Nancy. “Equity and Growth in a Globalizing World.” In Equity and Growth in a Globalizing World, 157–89. Washington, DC: Commission on Growth and Development/World Bank, C, 2010.

Bridge, Gary, and Sophie, Watson. The New Blackwell Companion to the City. 2011. Reprint, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Călian, Dora, and Grațiela, Rostaș. “Comunitatea de Pe Rampă – Pata Rât. Închiderea Cercului. Vulnerabilitatea Locuirii Romilor Și Interesele Din Domeniul Locuirii.” București: Centrul de Resurse Juridice (CRJ), 2019.

Carrier, James G, and Don, Kalb. Anthropologies of Class: Power, Practice and Inequality. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

Cîmpean, Diana. “EXCLUSIV. Interviu Cu Sorin Guttman, Project Manager: „Noul Proiect Redă Viață Fostei Platforme Carbochim Și Adaugă Orașului O Suprafață de 14 Hectare, Care Până Acum Era Inaccesibilă Comunității”. monitorulcj.ro. Monitorul de Cluj, April 24, 2024. https://www.monitorulcj.ro/monitorul-cartierelor/118944-exclusiv-interviu-cu-sorin-guttman-project-manager-noul-proiect-reda-viata-fostei-platforme-carbochim-si-adauga-orasului-o-suprafata-de-14-hectare-care-pana-acum-era-inaccesibila-comunitatii, 10/Jul/2025.

Clark, Eric. “The Order and Simplicity of Gentrification: A Political Challenge.” Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism, edited by R. Atkinson and G. Bridge, Routledge, 2005, pp. 261–269.

Cluj24. “FOTO. Proiectul de Regenerare Urbană de La Carbochim Se va Numi RIVUS. Fosta Platformă Industrială, Redată Orașului.” Cluj24.ro. Cluj24, September 10, 2024. https://cluj24.ro/foto-proiectul-de-regenerare-urbana-de-la-carbochim-se-va-numi-rivus-fosta-platforma-industriala-redata-orasului-222384.html, 10/Jul/2025.

Clujul Civic. “Clujul Civic.” Facebook.com, 2025. https://www.facebook.com/groups/clujulcivic/, 8/Jul/2025.

Coroș, Monica Maria, and Marius Emil, Coroș. “THE ROLE of PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION in CITY BRANDING the CASE of CLUJ-NAPOCA.” Studia Universitatea Babeș Bolyai Negotia, Studia Universitatea Babeș Bolyai, January 1, 2010, 37–50.

Crack, Eric. “The Order and Simplicity of Gentrification – a Political Challenge.” In Gentrification in a Global Context. The New Urban Colonialism, edited by Rowland Atkinson and Gary Bridge, 256–64. New York: Routledge, 2005.

Davidson, Mark. “Editorial: Private Is Profit and the Public Is Dead?” City 22, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 313–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2018.1484634.

De Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

Dobre, Gabriel. “DoR de Cluj: Micul Silicon Valley.” Decât O Revistă, #17 - Toamnă 2014 17, 2014.

Dubois, Hans, and Sanna, Nivakoski. “Living Conditions and Quality of Life. Unaffordable and Inadequate Housing in Europe.” Publications Office of the European Union, 2023.

European Committee of the Regions (CoR). “Emil Boc - Investing in Smart Cities & Regions.” YouTube, February 23, 2017a. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAwbCJQJSFI, 12/Jul/2025.

European Committee of the Regions (CoR). “Emil Boc - Investing in Smart Cities & Regions.” YouTube, February 9, 2017b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2DYoty1nKA, 12/Jul/2025.

Florea, Ioana, and Enikő, Vincze. “De-Risking in a Context of Uneven Development and Deindustrialized Spaces: The Advancement and Financialization of Real Estate as Business in Romania.” In Uneven Real Estate Development in Romania at the Intersection of Deindustrialization and Financialization, edited by Enikő Vincze, 69–102. Routledge, 2024.

Ghira, Andrada. “IULIUS Anunță Un Mega-Proiect Imobiliar În Locul Fabricii Carbochim Din Cluj-Napoca. Investiția: Peste 500 de Milioane de Euro - Economica.net.” Economica.net, April 4, 2022. https://www.economica.net/iulius-investitie-carbochim-cluj_573703.html?uord=RQ-WKfchhTTe/R%3DuKH4ylrSANvIvmpA0OW-8ShJHWvDsh2Yr96WqIE2MmbecReVMla1pYIFUSCmsRggIiDHEV6eqKUlinGlPYcQvl/U0-G-87RtTJPgggjHy/SHjIao%3DnbVSLc5o, 10/Jul/2025.

Gizdavu, Daria. “Iris, de La Cartier Muncitoresc La Cel Mai Mare Mall Din România. Un Studiu de Caz În Gentrificare.” Scena9.ro, 2025. https://www.scena9.ro/article/iris-cartier-cluj-gentrificare, 01/Jul/2025.

Gonzalez, Sara, and Paul, Waley. 2012. “Traditional Retail Markets: The New Gentrification Frontier?” Antipode 45 (4): 965–83.

Guerrero, Jose C. “Real Estate Flyers as Documentation of Gentrification.” Library Trends 69 (3): 612–29. https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2021.0006.

Hepburn, Peter, Renee Louis, and Matthew, Desmond. “Beyond Gentrification: Housing Loss, Poverty, and the Geography of Displacement.” Social Forces 102, no. 3 (September 30, 2023). https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad123.

Herman, Edward S, and Noam, Chomsky. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988.

Hobsbawm, Eric John. The Age of Empire: 1875-1914. New York: Vintage Books, 1987.

Hochstenbach, Cody, and Sako, Musterd. “A Regional Geography of Gentrification, Displacement and the Suburbanization of Poverty: Towards an Extended Research Agenda.” Area 53, no. 3 (March 19, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12708.

HotNews. “IULIUS Anunță Numele Proiectului de Reconversie Și Regenerare Urbană de La Cluj-Napoca: RIVUS. Fostă Platformă Industrială Redată Orașului ca Spațiu al Comunității: Concepte Culturale, de Timp Liber Și Shopping În Premieră Națională.” HotNews, September 11, 2024. https://hotnews.ro/iulius-anunta-numele-proiectului-de-reconversie-si-regenerare-urbana-de-la-cluj-napoca-rivus-fosta-platforma-industriala-redata-orasului-ca-spatiu-al-comunitatii-concepte-culturale-de-timp-liber-s-1788487, 10/Jul/2025.

Investropa. “12 Statistics for the Cluj-Napoca Real Estate Market in 2025.” Investropa, January 14, 2025. https://investropa.com/blogs/news/cluj-napoca-real-estate-market, 5/Jun/2025.

Ionescu, Radu. “Cum va Arăta Proiectul IULIUS Din Cluj-Napoca.” ConstantaFinanciara.ro. Constanța Financiară, September 27, 2024. https://constantafinanciara.ro/cum-va-arata-proiectul-iulius-din-cluj-napoca/, 10/Jul/2025.

Kochhar, Rakesh, and Stella, Sechopoulos. “How the American Middle Class Has Changed in the Past Five Decades.” Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center, April 22, 2022. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/04/20/how-the-american-middle-class-has-changed-in-the-past-five-decades/, 5/Jun/2025.

Kochhar, Rakesh. “The American Middle Class Is Stable in Size, but Losing Ground Financially to Upper-Income Families.” Pew Research Center. Pew Research Center, September 6, 2018. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2018/09/06/the-american-middle-class-is-stable-in-size-but-losing-ground-financially-to-upper-income-families/, 5/Jul/2025.

Koo, Hagen. “The Global Middle Class: How Is It Made, What Does It Represent?” Globalizations 13, no. 4 (February 15, 2016): 440–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2016.1143617.

Lefebvre, Henri. Rhythmanalysis : Space, Time, and Everyday Life. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.

Leonid, Andreea. “Copacii de La Carbochim Prind Viață În Altă Parte a Orașului - Radio Romania Cluj.” Radio Romania Cluj, April 3, 2024. https://www.radiocluj.ro/2024/04/03/parc-nou-cu-126-de-arbori-relocati-de-la-carbochim/, 10/Jul/2025.

Lespuc, Ionel. “Grupul Care Îi Dă Insomnii Lui Emil Boc. ‘Clujul Civic Este Locul Unde Clujenii Caută Să Se Solidarizeze’ - Media9.” media9. media9, March 27, 2024. https://media9.ro/grupul-care-ii-da-insomnii-lui-emil-boc-clujul-civic-este-locul-unde-clujenii-cauta-sa-se-solidarizeze/, 8/Jul/2025.

Ley, David. 1994. “Gentrification and the Politics of the New Middle Class.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12 (1): 53–74. https://doi.org/10.1068/d120053.

López, A. Ricardo. The Making of the Middle Class. Edited by Barbara Weinstein. Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.

Marx, Karl. Karl Marx on Society and Social Change. Edited by Neil J. Smelser. Press.uchicago.edu. Heritage of Sociology Series, 1975.

Media 9. “Nu E Iulius, Nu E Carbochim! Cum Se va Numi Proiectul Imobiliar Cu Mall de Lângă Someș - Media9.” Media9, September 10, 2024. https://media9.ro/nu-e-iulius-nu-e-carbochim-cum-se-va-numi-proiectul-imobiliar-cu-mall-de-langa-somes/, 10/Jul/2025.

Ministry of Development, Public Works and Administration. “Strategia Națională a Locuirii Pentru Perioada 2022-2050.” Just.ro, 2022. https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/25781, 8/Jun/2025.

Ministerul Muncii, Familiei, Tineretului și Solidarității Sociale. “Salariul de Bază Minim Brut Pe Ţară Garantat În Plată Se Majorează La 4.050 Lei Lunar Începând Cu 1 Ianuarie 2025.” Mmuncii.ro, November 24, 2024.

mmuncii.ro/j33/index.php/ro/comunicare/comunicate-de-presa/7516-20241127-cp-salariu-minim-ianuarie-2025, 15/May/2025.

Monitorul de Cluj. “IULIUS Anunță Numele Proiectului de Reconversie Și Regenerare Urbană de La Cluj-Napoca: RIVUS. Fostă Platformă Industrială Redată Orașului ca Spațiu al Comunității: Concepte Culturale, de Timp Liber Și Shopping În Premieră Națională (P).” monitorulcj.ro. Monitorul de Cluj, September 10, 2024. https://www.monitorulcj.ro/actualitate/122902-iulius-anunta-numele-proiectului-de-reconversie-si-regenerare-urbana-de-la-cluj-napoca-rivus-fosta-platforma-industriala-redata-orasului-ca-spatiu-al-comunitatii-concepte-culturale-de-timp-liber-si-shopping-in-premiera-nationala-p, 10/Jul/2025.

News.ro. “Cea Mai Mare Investiţie de Reconversie Urbană Din România, Aprobată La Cluj-Napoca - Jumătate de Miliard de Euro Într-Un Proiect Mixt Pe Fosta Platformă Carbochim.” News.ro. News.ro, August 30, 2024. https://www.news.ro/economic/cea-mai-mare-investitie-de-reconversie-urbana-din-romania-aprobata-la-cluj-napoca-jumatate-de-miliard-de-euro-intr-un-proiect-mixt-pe-fosta-platforma-carbochim-1924402830002024081521717675, 10/Jul/2025.

Pérez, Gina M. The near Northwest Side Story : Migration, Displacement, and Puerto Rican Families. Berkeley: University Of California Press, 2004.

Petrovici, Norbert, and Codruța, Mare. Economia Clujului. Municipiul Cluj-Napoca Și Zona Metropolitană Cluj: Dezvoltarea Economiei Locale În Deceniul 2008-2018. Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2020.

PRIA Events. “Emil Boc, Primar al Orasului Cluj Napoca - PRIA Urban Innovation.” YouTube, June 8, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzE0xWOK35g, 12/Jul/2025.

Rivus. “Home - Rivus.” Rivus, October 24, 2024a. https://www.rivus.ro/, 15/May/2025.

Rivus. “Despre Proiect - Rivus.” Rivus, December 18, 2024c. https://www.rivus.ro/despre-proiect/,15/May/2025.

Rivus. “Cea Mai Mare Investiție de Reconversie Urbană Din România, Aprobată de Consiliul Local Cluj-Napoca - Jumătate de Miliard de Euro Într-Un Proiect Mixt Pe Fosta Platformă Carbochim - Rivus.” Rivus, September 4, 2024b. https://www.rivus.ro/cea-mai-mare-investitie-de-reconversie-urbana-din-romania-aprobata/, 15/May/2025.

Romania24. “FOTO. Proiectul de Regenerare Urbană de La Carbochim Se va Numi RIVUS. Fosta Platformă Industrială, Redată Orașului.” Romania24.ro. Romania24, September 10, 2024. https://romania24.ro/foto-proiectul-de-regenerare-urbana-de-la-carbochim-se-va-numi-rivus-fosta-platforma-industriala-redata-orasului-639060.html, 10/Jul/2025.

Sager, Tore. “Neo-Liberal Urban Planning Policies: A Literature Survey 1990–2010.” Progress in Planning 76, no. 4. November, 2011.

Silea, Luminița. “Noul Centru de Cartier Cu Mall Și Birouri Pregătit În Cluj Pe Platforma Industrială Sanex, Un Prim Aviz Favorabil În Cadrul Comisiei de Urbanism a Primăriei Cluj.” www.actualdecluj.ro, December 18, 2024. https://actualdecluj.ro/noul-centru-de-cartier-cu-mall-si-birouri-pregatit-in-cluj-pe-platforma-industriala-sanex-un-prim-aviz-favorabil-in-cadrul-comisiei-de-urbanism-a-primariei-cluj/, 10/Jul/2025.

Smith, Neil. The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London: Routledge, 1996.

Șușanu, Magdolna. “RIVUS-Numele Proiectului de Pe Fosta Platformă Carbochim.” ViaClujTV. Via Cluj TV, September 10, 2024. https://viacluj.tv/rivus-numele-proiectului-de-pe-fosta-platforma-carbochim/, 10/Jul/2025.

Sýkora, Luděk, and Stefan, Bouzarovski. “Multiple Transformations.” Urban Studies 49, no. 1 (2012): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098010397402.

Târgul de Cariere. “Emil Boc - TechJam on Smart City.” YouTube, January 11, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFgLQcBXRuU, 12/Jul/2025.

The Economist. “Burgeoning Bourgeoisie.” The Economist, February 12, 2009. http://www.economist.com/specialreports/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=13063298(open%20in%20a%20new%20window), 8/Jul/2025.

Tolfo, Giuseppe, and Brian, Doucet. 2020. “Gentrification in the Media: The Eviction of Critical Class Perspective.” Urban Geography, July, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1785247.

Transilvania Press. “Iulius Mall Pune O Plombă de Beton Someșului.” Transilvania Press. Transilvania Press, September 2, 2024. https://www.transilvaniapress.ro/investigatii/iulius-mall-pune-o-plomba-de-beton-somesului/?fbclid=IwY2xjawLvsAtleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETFqVkxyS0YwR00zdjIya21rAR4x3cM3RPTgKCjFHQOBVJk6wM1dZKiVbSEnOUWMKQ-d2F05HOY7VUZa5uRaBQ_aem_eYwVakE5A0BkaeiWt8-cJA, 10/Jul/2025.

Troc, Gabriel. “Suburbanisation and Middle Class Imaginaires in the Post-Socialist City. A Romanian Case Study.” Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia 64, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 89–108. https://doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2019-0004.

Turda Info. “IULIUS Şi Atterbury Europe, Credit de 400 de Milioane Euro Pentru Proietul Rivus Cluj!” Turdainfo.ro. Turda Info, May 27, 2025. https://www.turdainfo.ro/index.php/turda-96332/eveniment/26381-si-credit-de-pentru-proietul-rivus-cluj, 10/Jul/2025.

Turp, Amelia. “Forbes TOP 500, Ediția 2024, Iulian Dascălu, Locul 12: Depășind Miliardul.” Forbes Romania. Forbes, December 10, 2024a. https://www.forbes.ro/forbes-top-500-iulian-dascalu-locul-12-depasind-miliardul-420804, 8/Jul/2025.

Turp, Amelia. “Romania Property Club: Cluj-Napoca va beneficia de investiții publice și private de peste 4 miliarde de euro în infrastructură, proiecte de reconversie urbană, fabrici, centre comerciale și hoteluri”. Forbes Romania. Forbes, November 4, 2024b. https://www.forbes.ro/romania-property-club-cluj-napoca-va-beneficia-de-investitii-publice-si-private-de-peste-4-miliarde-de-euro-in-infrastructura-proiecte-de-reconversie-urbana-fabrici-centre-comerciale-si-hoteluri-415226, 10/Jul/2025.

UBS. “Global Wealth Report 2023.” Wealth Management USA. UBS, 2023. https://www.ubs.com/global/en/wealthmanagement/insights/global-wealth-report.html, 8/Jul/2025.

Vincze, Enikő, and George Iulian, Zamfir. “Racialized Housing Unevenness in Cluj-Napoca under Capitalist Redevelopment.” City, vol. 23, no. 4-5, 3 September, 2019, pp. 439–460, https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2019.1684078.

Wacquant, Löic J.D. “Making Class: The Middle Class(Es) in Social Theory and Social Structure.”. In Bringing Class Back In, edited by Scott G. McNall, Rhonda F. Levine, and Rick Fantasia, 39–64. New York: Routledge, 2019.

Watt, Paul. 2008. “The Only Class in Town? Gentrification and the Middle-Class Colonization of the City and the Urban Imagination.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 32 (1): 206–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00769.x.

Weber, Max. “The Distribution of Power within the Community: Classes, Stände, Parties.” Journal of Classical Sociology 10, no. 137 (2010).

Zukin, Sharon. Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World. Berkeley, California: University Of California Press, 1991.

Zukin, Sharon. Loft Living: Culture and Capital in Urban Change. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2014.

Downloads

Published

2025-12-30

How to Cite

KAJCSA, M.-I., & CRISTIAN, I.-I. (2025). THE SYMBOLIC TRANSFORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL SPACE INTO AN ASPIRATIONAL PROJECT: THE IMAGINARY OF THE MIDDLE CLASS IN THE CONVERSION OF THE FORMER CARBOCHIM INDUSTRIAL PLATFORM IN CLUJ-NAPOCA. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Sociologia, 70(2), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2025-0007

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

<< < 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.