THE IMPACT OF TEAM CLIMATE, PERSONAL INITIATIVE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY ON ORGANISATIONS’ INNOVATIVENESS AND INNOVATION PERFORMANCE IN SOFTWARE COMPANIES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24193/subbnegotia.2026.3.02Keywords:
Organisational Climate, Innovation Performance, Innovation Management, Personal Initiative, Psychological SafetyAbstract
The organisational climate is a significant influencing factor of the innovative capabilities and the innovation performance of organisations, and consequently it affects their long-term sustainability, performance, and profitability. Nevertheless, different levers of organisational climate have been mostly investigated individually in the literature, without knowing which climate factors contribute more to (or actually harm) innovativeness and further on to innovations’ business performance. Therefore, this study takes a novel approach by investigating the joint effect of six established climate constructs (Business Vision, Participative Safety, Task Orientation, and Support for Innovation, as components of Team Climate Inventory, plus Personal Initiative and Psychological Safety) on organisations’ innovative capabilities and innovation performance. Furthermore, the present study proposes and validates two literature-based constructs (Innovativeness and Innovation Performance) tailored to the software industry, to consistently capture innovative capabilities and performance. The study is applied on a sample of 1684 employees and 56 top managers, representing 56 established local and multinational companies in the Romanian software industry, thereby investigating an industry and region of increasing global relevance, but greatly underrepresented in current literature. The results offer a more complete insight into which climate factors should be leveraged by managers to enhance innovation and performance. Personal Initiative is demonstrated to be the strongest influential factor, while Business Vision, Support for Innovation and Psychological Safety can also positively influence software organisations’ innovativeness and innovation performance. Surprisingly, Participative Safety has a negative influence, while Task Orientation has no impact on innovativeness.
JEL classification: J24; O15; O31
Article History: Received: May 4, 2026; Reviewed: July 31, 2026;
Accepted: September 4, 2026; Available online: September 25, 2026.
References
Alegre, J., Lapiedra, R. & Chiva, R. (2006). A measurement scale for product innovation performance. European Journal of Innovation Management. 9(4), 333-346 https://doi.org/10.1108/14601060610707812
Alegre, J., Sengupta, K. & Lapiedra, R. (2013). Knowledge management and innovation performance in a high-tech SMEs industry. International Small Business Journal, 31(4), 454-470. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611417472
Anderson, N.R. & West, M.A. (1996). The team climate inventory: Development of the TCI and its applications in teambuilding for innovativeness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(1), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414840
Anderson, N.R. & West, M.A. (1998). Measuring climate for work group innovation: development and validation of the team climate inventory. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 19(3), 235-258. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199805)19:3<235::AID-JOB837>3.0.CO;2-C
Arundel, A., Bloch, C. & Ferguson, B. (2019). Advancing innovation in the public sector: Aligning innovation measurement with policy goals. Research Policy, 48(3), 789-798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.12.001
Baer, M. & Frese, M. (2003). Innovation is not enough: Climates for initiative and psychological safety, process innovations, and firm performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 24(1), 45-68. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.179
Binnewies, C., Ohly, S. & Sonnentag, S. (2007). Taking personal initiative and communicating about ideas: What is important for the creative process and for idea creativity? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4), 432-455. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320701514728
Binnewies, C. & Gromer, M. (2012). Creativity and innovation at work: The role of work characteristics and personal initiative. Psicothema, 24(1), 100-105. Available online: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/727/72723431016.pdf
Bloch, C. (2007). Assessing recent developments in innovation measurement: the third edition of the Oslo Manual. Science and Public Policy, 34(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.3152/030234207X190487
Bodea, D. (2013). Valorile angajaţilor români. Editura Result, Bucureşti. Available online: https://www.scribd.com/document/361481833/Dorin-Bodea-Valorile-Angajatilor-Romani
Capatina, A., Nistor, R. & Bleoju, G. (2013). Empirical evidence on cultural dimensions related to competitive intelligence strategies adopted by the Romanian software companies. Business Management Dynamics, 2(7), 20. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nistor-Rozalia/publication/259572488_Empirical_evidence_on_cultural_dimensions_related_to_competitive_intelligence_strategies_adopted_by_the_Romanian_software_companies/links/00b4952ca5eaad788f000000/Empirical-evidence-on-cultural-dimensions-related-to-competitive-intelligence-strategies-adopted-by-the-Romanian-software-companies.pdf
Carayannis, E.G. & Provance, M. (2008). Measuring firm innovativeness: towards a composite innovation index built on firm innovative posture, propensity and performance attributes. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development, 1(1), 90-107. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIRD.2008.016861
Carmeli, A., Brueller, D. & Dutton, J.E. (2009). Learning behaviours in the workplace: The role of high‐quality interpersonal relationships and psychological safety. Systems Research and Behavioral Science: The Official Journal of the International Federation for Systems Research, 26(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.932
Carmeli, A., Reiter-Palmon, R. & Ziv, E. (2010). Inclusive leadership and employee involvement in creative tasks in the workplace: The mediating role of psychological safety. Creativity Research Journal, 22(3), 250-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2010.504654
Cassiman, B., & Veugelers, R. (2006). In search of complementarity in innovation strategy: Internal R&D and external knowledge acquisition. Management Science, 52(1), 68-82. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1050.0470
Crossan, M.M. & Apaydin, M. (2010). A multi‐dimensional framework of organizational innovation: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Management Studies, 47(6), 1154-1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00880.x
David, D. (2015). Psihologia poporului român: profilul psihologic al românilor într-o monografie cognitiv-experimentală. Iași, Editura Polirom.
Edison, H., Bin Ali, N. & Torkar, R. (2013). Towards innovation measurement in the software industry. Journal of Systems and Software, 86(5), 1390-1407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2013.01.013
Edmondson, A.C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative science quarterly, 44(2), 350-383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
Edmondson, A.C. & Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological safety: The history, renaissance, and future of an interpersonal construct. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 23-43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091305
Erdil, S., Erdil, O. & Keskin, H. (2004). The relationships between market orientation, firm innovativeness and innovation performance. Journal of Global Business and Technology, 1(1), 1-11. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tayyip-Erdil/publication/285763958_The_relationships_between_market_orientation_firm_innovativeness_and_innovation_performance/links/5c3f376892851c22a379821f/The-relationships-between-market-orientation-firm-innovativeness-and-innovation-performance.pdf
Ferraresi, A.A., Quandt, C.O., dos Santos, S.A. & Frega, J.R. (2012). Knowledge management and strategic orientation: leveraging innovativeness and performance. Journal of Knowledge Management. 16(5), 688-701. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271211262754
Fischer, S., Frese, M., Mertins, J.C., Hardt, J.V., Flock, T., Schauder, J., Schmitz, M. & Wiegel, J. (2014). Climate for personal initiative and radical and incremental innovation in firms: A validation study. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 22(01), 91-109. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495814500046
Fosfuri, A. & Tribó, J.A. (2008). Exploring the antecedents of potential absorptive capacity and its impact on innovation performance. Omega, 36(2), 173-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2006.06.012
Frese, M. (2008). The changing nature of work. An introduction to work and organizational psychology, 397-413. Available online: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-09171-000
Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A. & Zempel, J. (1996). Personal initiative at work: Differences between East and West Germany. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 37-63. https://doi.org/10.5465/256630
Frese, M., Fay, D., Hilburger, T., Leng, K. & Tag, A. (1997). The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(2), 139-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00639.x
Frese, M., Teng, E. & Wijnen, C.J. (1999). Helping to improve suggestion systems: Predictors of making suggestions in companies. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(7), 1139-1155. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199912)20:7<1139::AID-JOB946>3.0.CO;2
Frese, M. & Fay, D. (2001). Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century. Research in Organizational Behavior, 23, 133-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(01)23005-6
Frese, M., Garst, H., & Fay, D. (2007). Making things happen: Reciprocal relationships between work characteristics and personal initiative in a four-wave longitudinal structural equation model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1084. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1084
Frohman, A.L. (1997). Igniting organizational change from below: The power of personal initiative. Organizational Dynamics, 25(3), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(97)90046-2
Frohman, A.L. (1999). Personal initiative sparks innovation. Research-Technology Management, 42(3), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/08956308.1999.11671281
Gavreliuc, A. (2010). Autism social, individualism autarhic şi tipare valorice transgeneraţionale în România contemporană. Psihologia socială, (26), 25-47. Available online: https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=62826
Gault, F. (2018). Defining and measuring innovation in all sectors of the economy. Research policy, 47(3), 617-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.01.007.
Glisson, C. (2015). The role of organizational culture and climate in innovation and effectiveness. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 39(4), 245-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2015.1087770
Hair, J.F., Howard, M.C. & Nitzl, C. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109, 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069
Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M. & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). 3rd Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354331182_A_Primer_on_Partial_Least_Squares_Structural_Equation_Modeling_PLS-SEM
Hakanen, J.J., Perhoniemi, R. & Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008). Positive gain spirals at work: From job resources to work engagement, personal initiative and work-unit innovativeness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(1), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.01.003
Herrmann, D. & Felfe, J. (2013). Moderators of the relationship between leadership style and employee creativity: The role of task novelty and personal initiative. Creativity Research Journal, 25(2), 172-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2013.783743
Herrmann, D. & Felfe, J. (2014). Effects of leadership style, creativity technique and personal initiative on employee creativity. British Journal of Management, 25(2), 209-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2012.00849.x
Hirak, R., Peng, A.C., Carmeli, A. & Schaubroeck, J.M. (2012). Linking leader inclusiveness to work unit performance: The importance of psychological safety and learning from failures. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(1), 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.11.009
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 2307-0919. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
Huang, H., & Li, F. (2021). Innovation climate, knowledge management, and innovative work behavior in small software companies. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 49(4), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9780
Hult, G.T.M., Hurley, R.F. & Knight, G.A. (2004). Innovativeness: Its antecedents and impact on business performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(5), 429-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2003.08.015
Hung, R.Y.Y., Lien, B.Y.H., Yang, B., Wu, C.M. & Kuo, Y.M. (2011). Impact of TQM and organizational learning on innovation performance in the high-tech industry. International Business Review, 20(2), 213-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.07.001
Huse, M., Neubaum, D.O. & Gabrielsson, J. (2005). Corporate innovation and competitive environment. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 313-333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-005-2596-2
Hülsheger, U.R., Anderson, N. & Salgado, J.F. (2009). Team-level predictors of innovation at work: a comprehensive meta-analysis spanning three decades of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1128-1145. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015978
Judge, W.Q. & Douglas, T.J. (1998). Performance implications of incorporating natural environmental issues into the strategic planning process: An empirical assessment. Journal of Management Studies, 35(2), 241-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00092
Kafouros, M.I., Buckley, P.J. Sharp, J.A. & Wang, C. (2008). The role of internationalization in explaining innovation performance. Technovation, 28(1-2), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2007.07.009
Khalili, A. (2018). Creativity and innovation through LMX and personal initiative. Journal of Organizational Change Management. 31(2), 323-333. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-09-2016-0183
Lanjouw, J.O. & Schankerman, M. (2004). Patent quality and research productivity: Measuring innovation with multiple indicators. The Economic Journal, 114(495), 441-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2004.00216.x
Lema, R. (2015). Problem-framing in new innovation spaces: insights from software outsourcing. In Innovation Spaces in Asia. Edward Elgar Publishing. 279-300. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783475681.00021
Lisbona, A., Palaci, F., Salanova, M. & Frese, M. (2018). The effects of work engagement and self-efficacy on personal initiative and performance. Psicothema, 30(1), 89-96. Available online: https://www.redalyc.org/journal/727/72754594014/
Lisbona, A., Las-Hayas, A., Palací, F.J., Bernabé, M., Morales, F.J. & Haslam, A. (2020). Team Efficiency in Organizations: A Group Perspective on Initiative. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 1926. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061926
Mairesse, J. & Mohnen, P. (2002). Accounting for innovation and measuring innovativeness: an illustrative framework and an application. American Economic Review, 92(2), 226-230. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282802320189302.
Meyer, E. (2014). The culture map: Breaking through the invisible boundaries of global business. Public Affairs. Available online: https://erinmeyer.com/books/the-culture-map/
Moghimi, S. & Muenjohn, N. (2014). The Conceptual Link between Leadership and Innovation: The Role of Organizational Climate and Personal Initiative. In The Asian Conference on Business & Public Policy. 1-18. Available online: https://papers.iafor.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/acbpp2014/ACBPP2014_04834.pdf.
Morrison, E.W. & Phelps, C.C. (1999). Taking charge at work: Extrarole efforts to initiate workplace change. Academy of Management Journal, 42(4), 403-419. https://doi.org/10.5465/257011.
Newman, A., Donohue, R. & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 27(3), 521-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.01.001.
Newman, A., Round, H., Wang, S. & Mount, M. (2020). Innovation climate: A systematic review of the literature and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(1), 73-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12283
Nirjar, A. (2008). Innovations and evolution of software SMEs: exploring the trajectories for sustainable growth. Vision, 12(2), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/097226290801200205
OECD (2005) The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities. Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Data. Oslo Manual. Paris: OECD. Available online: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/serials/the-measurement-of-scientific-and-technological-activities_g1gha251.html
Pallas, F., Böckermann, F., Goetz, O. & Tecklenburg, K. (2013). Investigating organisational innovativeness: Developing a multidimensional formative measure. International Journal of Innovation Management, 17(04), 1350009. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919613500096
Papanastassiou, M., Pearce, R. & Zanfei, A. (2020). Changing perspectives on the internationalization of R&D and innovation by multinational enterprises: A review of the literature. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(4), 623-664. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-019-00258-0
Parida, V., Pesämaa, O., Wincent, J. & Westerberg, M. (2017). Network capability, innovativeness, and performance: a multidimensional extension for entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 29(1-2), 94-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255434
Pirola‐Merlo, A. & Mann, L. (2004). The relationship between individual creativity and team creativity: Aggregating across people and time. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(2), 235-257. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.240
Pirola‐Merlo, A. (2010). Agile innovation: The role of team climate in rapid research and development. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), 1075-1084. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X480653
Prajogo, D.I. & Ahmed, P.K. (2006). Relationships between innovation stimulus, innovation capacity, and innovation performance. R&D Management, 36(5), 499-515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2006.00450.x
Prajogo, D.I. & Sohal, A.S. (2006). The integration of TQM and technology/R&D management in determining quality and innovation performance. Omega, 34(3), 296-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2004.11.004
Reichers, A.E. & Schneider, B. (1990). Climate and culture: An evolution of constructs. In: Schneider, B. (Ed.) Organizational Climate and Culture, 1, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Available online: https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=832056
Richtnér, A., Brattström, A., Frishammar, J., Björk, J. & Magnusson, M. (2017). Creating better innovation measurement practices. MIT Sloan Management Review, 59(1), 45. Available online: https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/creating-better-innovation-measurement-practices/.
Ritter, T., Wilkinson, I.F. & Johnston, W.J. (2004). Managing in complex business networks. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(3), 175-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2003.10.016
Rogers, M. (1998). The definition and measurement of innovation. Melbourne Institute Working Paper 10/98. Available online: https://melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au/downloads/working-paper-series/old-wp/1998/wp1998n10.pdf
Romijn, H. & Albaladejo, M. (2002). Determinants of innovation capability in small electronics and software firms in southeast England. Research Policy, 31(7), 1053-1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00176-7
Rozovsky, J. (2015). The five keys to a successful Google team. Rework With Google Blog, November 17, Available online: https://rework.withgoogle.com/blog/five-keys-to-a-successful-google-team/
Sarooghi, H., Libaers, D. & Burkemper, A. (2015). Examining the relationship between creativity and innovation: A meta-analysis of organizational, cultural, and environmental factors. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(5), 714-731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.12.003
Saunila, M. (2017). Understanding innovation performance measurement in SMEs. Measuring Business Excellence. 21(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-01-2016-0005
Sethibe, T. & Steyn, R. (2016). Organizational climate, innovation and performance: A systematic review. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, 2(2), 161-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/2393957516646287
Shanker, R., Bhanugopan, R., Van der Heijden, B.I. & Farrell, M. (2017). Organizational climate for innovation and organizational performance: The mediating effect of innovative work behavior. Journal of vocational behavior, 100, 67-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.02.004
Shipton, H., West, M.A., Dawson, J., Birdi, K. & Patterson, M. (2006). HRM as a predictor of innovation. Human Resource Management Journal, 16(1), 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2006.00002.x
Smith, P.B., Vignoles, V.L., Becker, M., Owe, E., Easterbrook, M.J., Brown, R., Bourguignon, D., Garðarsdóttir, R.B., Kreuzbauer, R., Cendales Ayala, B. & Yuki, M. (2016). Individual and culture‐level components of survey response styles: A multi‐level analysis using cultural models of selfhood. International Journal of Psychology, 51(6), 453-463. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12293
Soomro, A.B., Salleh, N., Mendes, E., Grundy, J., Burch, G. & Nordin, A. (2016). The effect of software engineers’ personality traits on team climate and performance: A Systematic Literature Review. Information and Software Technology, 73, 52-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2016.01.006
Strating, M.M. & Nieboer, A.P. (2009). Psychometric test of the team climate inventory. Short version investigated in Dutch quality improvement teams. BMC Health Services Research, 9(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-9-126.
Subramaniam, M. & Youndt, M.A. (2005). The influence of intellectual capital on the types of innovative capabilities. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 450-463. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.17407911.
Therrien, P., Doloreux, D. & Chamberlin, T. (2011). Innovation novelty and (commercial) performance in the service sector: A Canadian firm-level analysis. Technovation, 31(12), 655-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2011.07.007
Voicu, B. & Telegdy, B. (2016). Dynamics of Social Values: 1990-2012. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae-Social Analysis, 6(1), 7-30. Available online: https://real-j.mtak.hu/22962/1/ACTA-Social-Analysis_vol6-1-2016.pdf#page=7
West, M.A. (1990). The social psychology of innovation in groups. In: West, M. A. and Farr, J. L. (Eds) Innovation and Creativity at Work: Psychological and Organizational Strategies, Chichester: Wiley 4-36. Available online: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1991-97989-015
West, M.A. & Farr, J.L. (1990). Innovation at work. In M.A. West & J.L. Farr (Eds.), Innovation and creativity at work: Psychological and organizational strategies (3-13). Chichester: Wiley. Available online: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1991-97989-001
West, M.A. & Anderson, N.R. (1996). Innovation in top management teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(6), 680-693. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.6.680
Yoruk, D.E., Bunduchi, R., Yoruk, E., Crișan-Mitra, C., Salanță, I.I. & Crișan, E.L. (2021). Pathways to innovation in Romanian software SMEs: Exploring the impact of interdependencies between internationalisation and knowledge sources. Journal of International Management, 27(4), 100874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2021.100874
Zeng, S.X., Xie, X.M. & Tam, C.M. (2010). Relationship between cooperation networks and innovation performance of SMEs. Technovation, 30(3), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2009.08.003.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Negotia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
