Encirclement, the ouroboros, and clues of ritual activity and religious belief in the magical gems

Authors

  • Mălina-Teodora PUȘCAȘU “Babeș‑Bolyai” University, Cluj‑Napoca, Romania, malina.puscasu@gmail.com

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2026.1.04

Keywords:

ritual, magic, magical gems, ouroboros, encirclement, religion in Ancient Egypt, Roman religion, ancient religion

Abstract

Ancient magic is a newer area of study and for the longest time it was ignored, considered to be nothing more than superstition. Its already scant archaeological record was treated as curiosities, a matter not helped by how easily many of them were traded and transported, losing their archaeological context.

Recent studies have shown that magic is far more complex. In fact, it is an important source for understanding the true complexity of religion in Antiquity, on how it impacts individuals and interacts with their personal issues. Magic is not inherently on the fringes of society and it was most likely not defined the same. The lines between an amulet worn for magical, medical or religious reasons were blurred.

This paper aims to continue this by analysing an iconographical element on the most readily available magical artefact, the magical gems, widespread in the Hellenistic and Roman world. This is the ouroboros, the snake that bites its own tail, which can be connected to the Greek Magical Papyri and to Egyptian theological concepts that go back to the Old Kingdom.

This exploration reveals clues regarding the rituals that accompanied the artefact through the technique of encirclement and furthers our understanding of the religious beliefs of the people who made use of them. Furthermore, it dispels the idea that magic is solely individualistic. That is an element of it, but the religious connotation of the ouroboros and the context it is used in show a concern for the community too.

 

Rezumat: Magia în Antichitate este o arie de studiu mai nouă și, pentru mult timp, a fost ignorată, considerată a fi doar superstiție. Rămășițele arheologice, deja limitate, erau tratate ca doar curiozități, o situație care nu a fost ajutată de cât de ușor multe din ele erau transportate și cumpărate, pierzându-și astfel contextul arheologic.

Studiile recente au arătat că magia este mult mai complexă. Este o sursă importantă pentru a înțelege adevărata complexitate a religiei în Antichitate, despre cum afectează indivizii și interacționează cu problemele lor personale. Magia nu este fundamental la marginile societății și, foarte probabil, nu era definită la fel. Diferența dintre amulete purtate din motive magice, medicale sau religioase nu era clară.

Lucrarea aceasta dorește să continue această perspectivă prin analiza unui element iconografic pe cel mai răspândit tip de artefact, gemele magice, larg răspândite în lumea elenistică și romană. Acesta este uroboros, șarpele care își mușcă propria coadă, care poate fi conectat cu Papiri Magici Greci și concepte teologice egiptene care merg până în Regatul Vechi.

Această explorare dezvăluie indicii referitoare la ritualurile care însoțeau artefactele prin tehnica încercuirii, și extinde înțelegerea noastră asupra credințelor religioase a persoanelor care foloseau aceste artefacte. Mai mult, elimină idea că magia este strict individuală. Este un element, dar conotațiile religioase a uroboros-ului și contextul în care este folosit arată că este un interes și pentru comunitate.

Cuvinte cheie: ritual, magie, geme magice, uroboros, încercuire, religia în Egiptul Antic, religia romană, religia antică

References

CBd: The Campbell Bonner Magical Database https://cbd.mfab.hu/visitatori_salutem

Annett, R. 2023, Methodologies in Studying Magical Gems in Ancient Studies- Some "Interdisciplinary" Remarks, Problems, and Pitfalls with Focus on "Harpocrates Gems", Gemmae. An International Journal on Glyptic Studies, 5, 35-53.

Assmann, J. 1989, Death and Initiation in the Funerary Religion of Ancient Egypt, in: W. K. Simpson (ed.), Religion and Philosophy in Ancient Egypt (Yale Egyptological Studies 3), New Haven, 135-159.

Assmann, J. 2019, Ouroboros. The Ancient Egyptian Myth of the Journey of the Sun, Aegyptiaca. Journal of the History of Reception of Ancient Egypt, 4, 19-32.

Barrett, C. E. 2015, Plaster Perspectives on “Magical Gems”: Rethinking the Meaning of “Magic” in: Cornell’s Daktyliotheca, Cornell Collection of Antiquities, 2015 (https://antiquities.stg.library.cornell.edu/gems/plaster-perspectives-on-magical-gems).

Betz, H.-D. 1986, The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Bonner, C. 1950, Studies in Magical Amulets. Chiefly Graeco-Egyptian, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

Bricault, L. 2011, Isis à Rome, in : J. P. Montesine (ed.), De Cybèle à Isis, Paris: Éditions Cybèle, 137-151.

Bricault, L. and Versluys, M. J. 2014, Isis and Empires, in: Power, Politics, and the Cults of Isis, Leiden, Boston: Brill, 3-35.

Collins, D. 2008, Magic in the Ancient Greek World, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Deac, D. 2018, The Magical Gems from Porolissum, Acta Musei Porolissensis, 40, 103-111.

Dickie, M. W. 2003, Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World, London and New York: Routledge.

Dosoo, K. 2016, A History of the Theban Magical Library, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists, 53, 251-274.

Dosoo, K. and Torallas Tovar, S. 2022, Anatomy of the Magical Archive, in: Christopher A. Faraone and Torallas Tovar Sofia (ed.) The Greco-Egyptian Magical Formularies. Libraries, Books, and Individual Recipes, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 3-63.

Faraone, Chr. A. 2017, Some Magical Gems in London, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 57.2, 403-430.

Frankfurter, D. 2010, Religion in Society: Graeco-Roman, in: Alan B. Lloyd (ed.), A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 526-546.

Gordon, R. 2011, "Signa nova et inaudit": The theory and practice of invented ("charaktêres") in Graeco-Egyptian magical texts, MHNH: International research journal on ancient magic and astrology, 11, 15-44.

Gordon, R. and Hernandez. M. R. 2022, GEMF 74 (=PGM VII): Reconstructing the Textual Tradition, in: Christopher A. Faraone and Sofia Torallas Tovar (ed.), The Greek-Egyptian Magical Formularies. Libraries, Books and Individual Recipes, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 289-217.

Kousoulis, I. M. P. 2002, Magic in Greco-Roman Egypt: The Semiotics of a Gradual Interpenetration of Egyptian and Greek Ritual Beliefs, Mediterranean Archeology and Archaeometry, 2.2, 13-22.

Lichtheim, M. 1973, Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings. Volume 1: The Old and Middle Kingdoms, University of California Press.

LiDonnici, L. R. 2022, Compositional Patterns in the Paris Magical Codex (GEMF 57= PGM IV), in: Christopher A Faraone and Sofia Torallas Tovar (ed.), The Greco-Egyptian Magical Formularies. Libraries, Books, and Individual Recipes, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 169-192.

Nemeti, S. 2013, Magical Practice in Dacia and Moesia Inferior, in: Cristina-Georgeta Alexandrescu (ed.), Jupiter on Your Side. Gods and Humans in Antiquity in the Lower Danube Area, Bucharest, 143-156.

Nodar, A. 2022, The Paleography and Dating of the Magical Formularies, in: Christopher A. Faraone and Sofia Torallas Tovar (ed.), The Greco-Egyptian Magical Formularies. Libraries, Book and Individual Recipes, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 121-166.

Orlin, E. M. 2008, Octavian and Egyptian Cults: Redrawing the Boundaries of Romanness, The American Journal of Philology, 129.2, 231-253.

Piankoff, Al. 1974, The Wandering Soul, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Pinch, G. 2010, Magic in Ancient Egypt, Austin: University of Texas Press.

Reemes, D. M. 2015, The Egyptian Ouroboros: An Iconological and Theological Study, Los Angeles.

Ritner, R. K. 1984, A Uterine Amulet in the Oriental Institute Collection, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 43.3, 209-221.

Ritner, R. K. 1995, Egyptian Magical Practice Under the Roman Empire. The Demotic Spells and their Religious Context, in: Wolfgang Hasse (ed.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, II, Band 18/5. Religion. Heidentum: Die religiösen Verhältnisse in den Provinzen, Berlin: De Gruyter, 1995, 3333-3379.

Ritner, R. K. 1997, The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice, Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

Sarischouli, P. 2022, GEMF 15 (= PDM/PGM XII): Production and Use of a Bilingual Magical Formulary, in: Christoper A., Torallas Tovar and Sofia Faraone (ed.), The Greco-Egyptian Magical Formularies. Libraries, Books and Individual Recipes, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 318-364.

Stadler, M. A. 2017, On the nature of ancient Egyptian funerary rituals, in: Katalin Anna Kóthay (ed.), Burial and Mortuary Practices in Late Period and Graeco-Roman Egypt. Proceedings of the International Conference held at the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, Budapest, 13-22.

Szpakowska, K. 2010, Religion in Society: Pharaonic, in: Alan B. Lloyd (ed.), A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, 507-525.

Takacs, S. A. 1995, Isis and Sarapis in the Roman World, Leiden, New York, Koln: Brill.

Tsatsou, E. 2012, Uterine Amulets: Amulets that Protect the Uterus, in Kata Endreffy, Arpád Miklós Nagy and Jeffrey Spier (ed.), Magical Gems in their Contexts, Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 271-282.

Vitellozi, P. 2018, Relations Between Magical Texts and Magical Gems Recent Perspectives, in: Sarah Kiyanrad, Christoffer Theis and Laura Willer (eds.), Images and Texts on "Magical" Artifacts, Boston: De Gruyer, 181-253.

Downloads

Published

2026-06-30

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

PUȘCAȘU, M.-T. (2026). Encirclement, the ouroboros, and clues of ritual activity and religious belief in the magical gems. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia, 71(1), 133-162. https://doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2026.1.04