EFFECT OF DOWN-HOLE LITHOLOGICAL VARIATION ON WATER BEARING CAPACITY OF SOME BOREHOLES IN ILORIN, NIGERIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24193/subbgeogr.2021.2.01Keywords:
lithology, groundwater, saprolite, basement, topography.Abstract
The paper attempts to explain the effect of downhole lithological variation on water bearing capacity of some boreholes in Ilorin Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the lithological characteristics of the boreholes, assessed the variability in weathered overburden and analyzed the inter-relationships between lithology, hydrology and topography of the boreholes. Data used were extracted from twenty (20) borehole logs collected from the archive of Lower Niger Basin Development Authority in Ilorin. Information extracted from the borehole logs are: the number of lithological units intersected by each of the borehole and their depths, the nature of geological materials making up the lithological units and their moisture conditions. Information on coordinates and topographic heights of the boreholes are not given on the logs and those were collected from the field personally by the researcher using handheld GPS (Garmin GPS Channel 76 Model). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results reveal nine downhole lithological units with loamy and lateritic soil making up the first layer of lithology in 95% of the boreholes. Thickness of the top soil and the saprolite overlying the bedrock, has mean values of 4.2m and 11.3m respectively. Depth to water in the borehole ranged between 24.7 and 140m and with a mean value of 55.9m. Three (3) of the boreholes have two lenses of aquifer while the remaining seventeen (17) have one aquifer lens each. The three (3) boreholes with two aquifer lenses have their minor aquifers located within the saprolite. The main aquifer in most (65%) of the boreholes is located within the fractured basement while the remaining (35%) boreholes have their main aquifer located in the weathered basement. Correlation analysis revealed topographic elevation as one of the drivers of hydrology in the study area.References
Adelana, S.M.A, Olasehinde, P.I., Bale, R.B., Vrbka, P., Edet, A.E and Goni, I.B. (2008), An Overview of Geology and Hydrogeology of Nigeria, Applied Groundwater Studies in Africa, 171-197.
Adelana, S.M.A and Olasehinde, P.I. (2004), Characteristics of Groundwater Flow in the Fractured/Weathered Hard Rock using Hydro-geochemical and Isotopic Investigations, Proc XXXIII Conference of International Association of Hydrogeologists Mexico, 11-15.
Aderibigbe, S.A, Awoyemi, A.O. and Oshagbemi, G.K. (2008), Availability, Adequacy and Quality of Water Supply in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria, European Journal of Scientific Research 23 (4), 528-536.
Admimalla, N. (2020), Controlling Factors and Mechanism of Groundwater Quality Variation in Semiarid Region of South India: An Approach of Water Quality Index (WQI) and Health Risk Assessment (HRA), Environ. Geochem. Health 42, 725-752 doi: 10:1067/510653-019-00374-8.
Akanbi, O.A. (2016), Use of Vertical Electrical Geophysical Method for Spatial Characterization of Groundwater Potential of Crystalline Crust of Igboora Area, Southwestern Nigeria, Int.J.Sci Res Publ. 6 (3), 399-406.
Akanbi, O.A (2018), Hydrogeological Characterization and Prospect of Basement Aquifers of Ibarapa Region, Southwestern Nigeria, Applied Water Science 8 (89), 1-22 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0731-9.
Andres, L., Chellaraj, G., Gupta, B.D., Grabinsky, J. and Joseph, J. (2018), Why Are So Many Water Points in Nigeria None-Functional? An Empirical Analysis of Contributing Factors, Policy Research Working Paper, 8388.
Areola, O.O. (1978), Soil and Vegetal Resources, in: Oguntoyinbo, J.O., Areola, O.O. and Filani, M. (eds.) A Geography of Nigeria Development, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., Ibadan.
Azeez, L.O. (1972), Rural Water Supply in the Basement Complex Area of Western States, Nigeria Bulletin, IASH 17 (1), 97-110.
Bailey, B., Dripps, W. and Muthukrishnan, S. (2018), Spatial Analysis of Hydrological Productivity in Fractured Bedrock Terrain of the Piedmont of Northwestern South Carolina, Journal of South Carolina Water Resources, 5 (1), 25-33.
Carrad, N., Foster, T., and Willets, J. (2019), Groundwater as a Source of Drinking Water in Southeast Asia and the Pacific: A Multi Country Review of Current Reliance and Resource Concerns, Water 11, 1065-11-21 doi 10.3390/W11081605.
Carrier, M.A, Lefebvre, R, Racicot, J., and Asare, B. (2008), Northern Ghana Hydrogeological Assessment Project, Proceedings of 33rd WEDC International Conference, Accra, Ghana, 13-21.
Chilton, P.J and Foster, S.D (1995), Hydrogeological Characterization and Water Supply Potential of Basement Aquifers in Tropical Africa, Hydrogeology Journal, 3 (1), 36-49.
Clark, L. (1985), Groundwater Abstraction from Basement Complex Areas of Africa, Journal of Engineering Geology, 18, 25-34.
Condon, L.E. and Maxwell, R.M (2015), Evaluating the Relationship between Topography and Groundwater using Outputs from a Continental-Scale Integrated Hydrology Model, Water Resources Research, 51, 6603-6621, doi: 10.1002/2014WR016774.
Devito, K.I, Creed, T., Gan, C., Mendoza, R., Petrone, U., Silins, R. and Smerdon, B. (2005), A Framework for Broad Scale Classification of Hydrologic Response Units on the Boreal Plain: Is Topography the Last Thing to Consider?, Hydrol. Processes, 19, 1705-1714, doi: 10.1002/hyp.5881.
Gillespie, M.R, Barnes, R.P. and Milodowski, A.E. (2011), British Geological Survey Scheme for Classifying Discontinuities and Fillings, British Geological Survey Research Report RR/10/05, 56 p.
Grinevsky, S.O. (2014), Effect of Topography on the Formation of Groundwater Recharge, Moscow University Geology Bulletin, 69 (1), 47-52.
Guppy, L., Uyttendaele, P., Villholth, K.G and Smakhtin, V. (2018), Groundwater and sustainable Development Goals; Analysis of Inter linkages, UNU-INWEH Report series issue of Institute for Water Environment and Health United Nations University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
Gustafson, G. and Krasny, J. (1994), Crystalline Rock Aquifers: Their Occurrence, Use and Importance, Applied Hydrogeology, 2, 64-75.
Hatjema, H.M. and Mitchell-Bruker, S. (2005), Are Water Tables a Subdued Replica of the Topography?, Groundwater, 43 (6), 781-786, doi: 10.1111/j. 1745-6584.2005.00090.X.
Ifabiyi, I.P and Asaolu, E.D. (2013), Analysis of the Impacts of Rainfall Variability on Public Water Supply in Ilorin, Nigeria, Journal of Meteorology and Climate Science, 11 (1), 18-26.
Ifabiyi, I.P., Ashaolu, E.D. and Omotosho, O. (2016), Hydrogeological Characteristics of Groundwater Yield in Shallow Wells of the Regolith Aquifer: A Case study from Ilorin, Nigeria, Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 8 (1), 23-36.
Ijaiya, G.T. (2000), Impact of Water Shortage and Depletion on the Productive Time of Women in Ilorin Metropolis: A Pilot Survey, Journal of Environment and Policy Issues, 1 (1&2), 38-45.
Kouassi, A.M., Coulibaly, D., Koffi, Y.B. and Biemi, J. (2013), Application of Geophysical Methods to the Study of the Productivity of Water Drilling in Crystalline Aquifers: Case Study of the Toumodi Region (Central Cote d’Ivoire), International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2, 324-334, http://www.issr-journals.org/ijias.
Koyame, B.K., Douagui, A.G., Kouame, I.K., Yeo, E.W. and Savane, I. (2019), Borehole Productivity Controlling Factors in Crystalline Bedrock Aquifer of Gkbeke Region, Center of Cote d’Ivoire, Journal of Water Resources and Protection, 11 (6), 728-739. Doi:10.4236/jwarp.2019.116043.
LeGrand, H.E. (1989), A Conceptual Model of Groundwater Setting in the Piedmont Region, in: Daniel C.C III, White, R.K and Stone, P.A (eds.), Groundwater in the Piedmont, Proceedings of Conference on Groundwater in the Piedmont of the Eastern United States, Clemson University, 317-327.
Maity, D.K and Mandal, S. (2019), Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones of the Kumari River Basin, India: As RS and GIS Based Semi-Quantitative Approach, Environ. Dev Sustain., 21, 1013-1034, 10.1007/510668-017-0072-0.
Margat, J.V. (2013), Groundwater Around the World; A Geographic Synopsis, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, USA, 376 p.
Marklund, L. and Worman, A. (2007), The Impact of Hydraulic Conductivity on Topography Driven Groundwater Flow, Publ. Inst. Geophysc. Polish Acad.Sci., 7 (401), 159-167.
Monroe, J.S. and Wicander, R. (2005), Physical Geology, 5th Edition, Thomson Learning Inc., USA, 644 p.
Moore, R.M., Schwarz, G.E., Clark, S.F.Jr., Walsh, G.J. and Degnan, J.R. (2002), Factors Related to Well Yield in Fractured-Bedrock Aquifer of New Hampshire, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1660, Denver.
Nyagwambo, N.L. (2006), Groundwater Recharge Estimation and Water Resources Assessment in a Tropical Crystalline Aquifer, unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, 182 p.
Okeola, O.G and Salami, A.W. (2014), Groundwater Resources in the Nigerian’s Quest for United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Beyond, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 16 (4), 57-71.
Oladunjoye, M.A, Korede, I.A and Adefehinti, A. (2019), Geoelectrical Exploration for Groundwater in Crystalline Basement Rocks of Gbongudu Community, Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria, Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 17, 25-43.
Olaniran, O.J. (2002), Rainfall Anomalies in Nigeria: The Contemporary Understanding, 55th Inaugural Lecture, University of Ilorin, 66 p.
Olaniyan, I.O, Agunwamba, J.C and Ademiluyi, J.O. (2010), Lithologic Characteristics of Parts of the Crystalline Basement Complex of Northern Nigeria in Relation to Groundwater Exploitation, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 6 (7), 9-14.
Oluyide, P.O., Nwajide, C.S. and Oni, A. (1998), The Geology of Ilorin Area with Explanations, the 1:250,000 Series, Sheet 50, Ilorin Geological Survey of Nigeria Bulletin 42, 1-84.
Oyegun, R.O. (1983), Water Resources in Kwara State, Nigeria, Matanmi and Sons Printings and Publishing Ltd., Ilorin, 113 p.
Pande, C.B., Moharir, K.N., Singh, S.K. and Varade, A.M. (2019), An Integrated Approach to Delineate the Groundwater Potential Zones in Devdari Watershed Area of Akola District, Maharashtra, Central India, Environ. Dev. Sustain., 22, 4867-4887, doi: 10.1007/510668-019-00409-1.
Parameswari, K. and Padmini, T.K. (2018), Assessment of Groundwater Potential in Tirukalu Kundram Block of Southern Chennai Metropolitan Area, Environ. Dev. Sustain., 20, 9-18, doi:10.1007/s10668-017-9952-6.
Plummer, C.C. and Carlson, D.H. (2008), Physical Geology, 12th Edition, McGraw Hill Companies, USA, 651 p.
Shapiro, A.M., Hsieh, P.A., Haeni, G.P. (1999), Integrating Multidisciplinary Investigations in the Characterization of Fractured Rock, in: Morganwalp, D.W., Buxton, H.T. (eds.), Toxic Substance Hydrology Program, 3 (3), 660-680.
Srinivasa, R.Y., Reddy, T.V.K and Nayudu, P.T. (2000), Groundwater Targeting in a Hard Rock Terrain using Fracture Pattern Modelling, Niva River Basin, Andr, Pradesh, India, Hydrogeology Journal, 8 (5), 494-502.
Sule, B.F., Agunbiade, M., Adeogun, A.G. and Ihagh, G. (2016), Small Town Water Supply: Situational Assessment of Shao, Kwara State, Nigeria Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 13 (4), 48-53.
Tadesse, N. (2017), Lithological and Structural Controls on the Development of Aquifer in Basement Rock Dominated Tsalit-Ira River Basin Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, Monona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 9 (1), 106-126.
Veils, M., Conti, K.I and Biermann, F. (2017), Groundwater and Human Development: Synergies and Trade –Offs within the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals, Sustain.Sci, 12, 1007-1017.
Wijesekera, A.G.N. (1984), Hydrogeological Studies in the Hard Rock Areas of Sri-Lanka, in: Special Papers, National Water Supply and Drainage Board and WHO Case Studies on Hydrogeological Investigation in Hard Rock Areas of Sri-Lanka, 28-36.
Williams, L.J., Kath, R.L., Crawford, T.J. and Chapman, M.J. (2014), Influence of Geologic Setting on Groundwater Availability in the Lawrenceville Area, Gwinnett Country, Georgia, US Geological Survey Report.
Williams, M.R., Buda, A.R., Elliot, H.A., Hamlett, J., Boyer, E.W. and Schmidt, J.P. (2014), Groundwater Flow Path Dynamics and Nitrogen Transport Potential in the Riparian Zone of an Agricultural Headwater Catchment, Journal of Hydrology, 511, 870-879.
Wolock, D.M., Winter, T.C. and McMahon, G. (2004), Delineation and Evaluation of Hydrologic-Landscape Region in the United States using GIS Tools and Multivariate Statistical Analysis, Environ.Manage., 34 (1), 571-588 doi:10.1007/500267-003-5077-9.
World Bank (2017), Sustainability Assessment of Rural Water Service Delivery Models; Findings of a Multi-Country Review, World Bank Report, Washington DC, USA.
Wright, E.P. (1992), The Hydrogeology of Crystalline Basement Aquifers in Africa, in Wright, E.P. and Burgess, W.G. (eds), The Hydrogeology of Crystalline Basement Aquifers in Africa, Special Publication no. 66, Geological Society, London, pp. 1-27.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Geographia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
©Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Geographia. Published by Babeș-Bolyai University.